Managing Conflict & the Negotiation Process Essay

Managing Conflict & the Negotiation Process - Essay Example In managing conflict, it is important to determine who are involved, what they think, andthe context or the environment of the conflict. One would best map out the conflict to determine its scope and all basic information so that one can match an effective response to it. Part of this is determining the options available and the costs and benefits accruing from them. Often, a great deal can be learned from similar experiences of the past which can also yield ideas about what things are likely to happen. Efforts must be made to look into who would be affected by the conflict especially those that are silent and have not yet become vocal. Disputes often times have histories which may explain the feelings of others on the issue. When people speak, they may be able to give hints on how the current situation can be resolved. At times, disputes may be related to others disputes and this deserves some attention as they may affect the outcome of the earlier conflict. As supposed survivors, we were faced with a common enemy [the possibility of not being able to survive] and so we were one. What each one of us were, was quickly forgotten as we had to be united to get us out of the problem. We had to work as a team and explore an uncharted territory. As time went on, thoughts were turned to our individual selves as dwindling supplies and security from the unknown stared us in the face. We had to think of strategies, yet have our personal needs met. In trying to communicate with each other, there was the trend wherein some members preferred to direct communication first to one's buddy in the group, then eventually to the emergent leader. In the process, the quiet one seemed not to be included with the team. Communication was bridged only with the emergent leader shifting back and forth between the non-talking parties. I can see that one needs to be alert, to be on top of their game, and agile enough to respond quickly and effectively to changes. Exercises like this can be very helpful for the mind. Where before, I had only myself to dictate how I moved, here, I was forced to act from a perspective wider and bigger than myself. It seemed that I had taken on a personality bigger than that of my old self. (2) Describe how the events that happened relate to our studies. I am amazed to see that the mix of different personalities and levels are counted critical to the success of the activity. First, we do not have the same experiences and the same capacity for understanding concepts involved in the exercise. Second, we didn't know each other that close until after the exercises. Third, we were forced to think quickly. A common problem bound us all: the need to survive. The mind maps had encouraged equal participation from each one of us. The game actually begins when we, as strangers, are left in a rough terrain. There is no opportunity for planning before the game begins. We scramble to gather whatever supplies we can grab. We trek across rugged terrain in search of a campsite. Exhausted, hungry and in the middle of no where, we work

CHESAPEAKE BAY STORM SURGE, SEICHES, AND FLOODING Research Paper

CHESAPEAKE BAY STORM SURGE, SEICHES, AND FLOODING - Research Paper Example s and light wind shear, the resilient southeasterly winds in the right-front quadrant of the storm forced water in Chesapeake Bay to move northward as a single layer, which eventually formed flooding and high sea levels in the northern region of the bay including Annapolis and Baltimore (Ming et al., 2006). Apparently, the hurricane traveled from northwest on an almost conventional line that had mysteriously emerged 3 days prior to the landfall and persisted to the eventual dissipation of the hurricane over the Great Lakes (Ming et al., 2006). After hurricane Isabel passed the west land side of Chesapeake Bay, the prevailing wind direction changed from northeasterly to southeasterly, and the land along the coast was inundated causing severe erosion in the bay (Gao & College of William and Mary, 2011). In the bay, the utmost sustained wind reached 30.8 miles/second in Virginia with squalls that were as high as 43.7 miles/second, water levels reaching 5 feet over the average tidal echelons in Annapolis Maryland, a substantial increase in turbidity and salinity levels in the bay to approximately 10-4 psu/m (Ming et al., 2006). If Hurricane Isabel had approached the bay from the east side, the direction of the wind would have changed from northeasterly to northwesterly, thus causing melodr amatic differences in the bay’s barotropic response. In Washington, D.C., the largest surge reaching 2.7m over the ordinary high tides was created as a result of the arrangement of the long fetch of the lower Potomac River and southeasterly winds. The figure below portrays the storm surges and sea level distribution in Potomac River on 19th September, 2006 around 0400 hrs. At the same time, sea echelons in the arctic bay were rising speedily. From the figure, it is ostensible that the water was blown into the bay by Isabel’s strong southeast-to-southerly winds. Moreover, moving at a speed of 1.5 ms-1, this water was dripped against the head of the bay. However, the high sea

Lavasa A Case Study Synopsis Environmental Sciences Essay

Lavasa A Case Study Synopsis Environmental Sciences Essay Lavasa is an independent Indias first planned hill city. The under-construction town is just an hours drive from Pune in the Mose Valley and the backwaters of the calm Warasgaon dam area. This as-yet incomplete city has been controversial for multiple reasons including: procurement of land, harm to the environment (water usage), and loans acquired through political corruption. Till November 25 2010, the construction work at Lavasa was in full swing when the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) issued a stop-work order and notice to Lavasa Corporation Limited (LCL).The reason given was that the company had failed to obtain environmental clearance from the Union ministry and had proceeded on the basis of a clearance from Maharashtras environment department. The ministrys Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC), constituted in response to the public interest petition moved by the National Alliance of Peoples Movements (NAPM), formed by activists and NGOs, in the high court of Mumba i for new infrastructure projects and Coastal Regulation Zone, said that planning and development of the whole project should be reworked as it violated environment laws, including haphazard cutting of hills. Lavasa challenged the ministrys order in the high court, saying it had taken the requisite clearances from the state and the ministry had no jurisdiction over the project.LCL later applied for post facto clearance from MoEF for the first phase of the project, on February 1; Lavasa is being developed in two phases of 2,000 ha and 3,000 ha. Lavasa: About the project Lavasa Corporation Limited (LCL) is developing a hill station township project located 65 km from Pune in the Mose Valley and the backwaters of the calm Warasgaon dam area, set amidst 7 hills and 60 kms of lakefront. It is touted as independent Indias first planned hill city and is one of the largest Infrastructure Projects in the country. A total of 10,000 hectares (= 25,000 acres) land will be used for the project which includes mostly the farm land and private forests or forest like land. The development plan is spread over 20 years and would complete by 2025. It involves dynamic planning in phases. Phase I: Dasve, Mugaon, Bhoni To establish Lavasa Brand .Development will be mostly mixed use with focus on front-loaded economic drivers Phase II: Focus on meeting residential demand driven through development of economic activities and scaling up of tourism, hospitality, and leisure activities Phase III: Sakhari, Wadaval In addition to residential development, focus on developing a commercial business district Phase IV: Bhode, Mose, Saiv Development of the second commercial business district. Statutory Authorities and their responsibilities There are majorly five agencies that are responsible for framing regulatory framework for environment and pollution control. These agencies have different roles to play as far as framing of policies and their application is concerned. This can be easily differentiated in a tabular form: Ministry of Environment Forests (MOEF), Govt. of India Formulate Strategies Policies Formulate rules acts and seek approval from Parliament Interact with Internation agencies Issue Environmental Clearance Permits Implement Nationa Schemes Monitor the process through Regional Offices Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Govt. of India Prepare Technical guidelines Provide technical backup to MOEF Provide laboratory facility, monitor RD Legal Proceedings Implement registration and other schemes Monitor through Zonal Offices Department of Environment (DOEN), State Govt. Formulate policies strategies formulate rules, acts seeks approval from Legislative Assembly Council Co-ordinate with MOEF CPCB Issue Environmental clearance permits State Pollution Control Board (SPCB), State Govt. Consent management of Industries Legal proceedings Projects Planning Monitring aspects Dayal Committee: A 10-member committee, constituted by the ministry of environment and forests (MoEF) to assess the environment impact of Lavasa project. Environmental concerns violated in Lavasa project An analysis The Lavasa has always been a contentious issue and a controversial project. For years, it has been blamed for the serious environmental damages including flora and fauna and has been criticized by the Ministry of Environment and Forests for quarrying and hill cutting. However, Post reviewing the project, this ministry provided clearance on 9 November 2011 to Lavasa with specific conditions, such as a cessation of hill cutting activities, building of a sewage treatment plant, and anti-poverty CSR measures aimed at the local population. For a one year period from late 2010 to late 2011, construction of Lavasa had to be halted due to orders obtained from the Ministry of Environment and Forests. In late 2010 it ordered Lavasa Corporation to halt further construction for not having gathered proper clearances. Ministry of Environment and Forests found Lavasa to be violating the rules and regulations under the Environment protection act 1986. According to MOEF, LCL (Lavasa Corporation Ltd) is in violation of The EIA Notification, 1994; The EIA Notification, as amended in 2004; and The EIA Notification of 2006. The site visit report has also brought out the nature and magnitude of the environmental damage caused by the project. As such, the construction activity is unauthorized, being in violation of the above three notifications and is also environmentally damaging. Concept: EIA is a tool to assess positive and negative impacts of a project on surrounding area, population, vegetation, flora, fauna, property and overall environment. Components Air Pollution (From Process and Fuel burning) Water Pollution (Industrial process, Effluents and sewage, Treatment and reuse) Land Pollution (Chemical pollution, Waste substances, solid waste, treatment disposal) Noise Pollution Ecology, Flora, Fauna, Fisheries, endangered species Natural Resources (Air, Water, Land, Rivers, Streams, Ponds Lakes, Hills, Forest,) Ecoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sensitive zone, Sanctuaries, Migration routes. Archeological sites, Roads, Military Establishments, Schools, Hospitals, Other social centers Socioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Economy, Rehabilitation, Resettlement, Compensations Disaster Management, Risk Assessment Major Socio-Environmental Concerns Ecology Lavasa is in the province of WESTERN GHATS of INDIA which is among Worlds 20 most ecologically sensitive HOT SPOTS. Also, the UNESCO is considering declaring Western Ghats region as the World Heritage Site according to media reports. Western Ghat is a crucial factor for Monsoon of India and other meteorologically important parameters The committee has recorded that Lavasa has caused massive destruction of the ecology of the area, especially causing grave damages to hills, flora-fauna, water body, etc Land Land belong to Adivasi (Tribal) Land which cant be sold or bought without the permission of the District administration to a Non Tribal entity, in fact that Mulshi and Velhe talukas, where Lavasa is based, is not designated as a tribal district. In 1976, the Govt. of Maharashtra implemented land reforms in the area. A case filed at police by one tribe Bandya Bhau Valhekar is pending at Mulshi The project is spread over 18 villages consisting of various Gaothans (villages). There are some adivasi communities in the affected area and that there has been a large scale diversion of ceiling surplus land which was allotted to these Adivasis and Nomadic Tribes. Also Ceiling land belongs to the landless poor people as per Ceiling Act. (THE URBAN LAND (CEILING AND REGULATION) , ACT, 1976, No. 33 OF 1976) Land has been either by cheating or using muscule power, A poor farmer Dnyaneshwar Shedge has filed a complaint against Lavasa in one such matter The 80 odd Katkari families of tribal stock in this area belong to Raigadh District; 47 of them are living in Mugaon village. They used to come for seasonal agricultural labor to assist local farmers with rice cultivation before the paddy fields were lost to the Warasgaon dam. But when the lands were submerged, the displaced farmers began to cut trees for making charcoal. Many of those that Lavasa purchased land from are not local farmers but people who were living in Pune, Mumbai, Dubai or even London. A good chunk of land was originally bought by a real estate firm called Expat Limited before Lavasa Corporation came into existence. Even today some of the investors of Expat have not sold their lands to Lavasa. Due to isolation, people had to walk 5-6 hr over hilly terrain to reach the nearest city in order to sell forest products like bamboo and charcoal. Consequently, this district became very sparsely populated with a total population of 3117 as per the 2001 census. Water resources Effects on downstream users- Pune and further users, Pollution. The back water of the dams were filled with stone crushing material and also that the villagers expressed that the project has adversely impacted their life and they are not willing to part with their land for any of the project activities. The Varasgaon Dam is an important dam for water supply to Pune city. The Water Recourses Department of Government has sanctioned a quota of 1.03 TMC water to Lavasa, which was supposed to be the 1 month utility of water by Pune city. Due to this reservoir very nearly dries up in the hot summer months leading up to the monsoon. There are claims that water from Varasgaon is diverted to Lavasa and will result in problems in water supply to Pune city. Township Objection to the cutting of hills for making roads, on the other hand it says that the roads were not wide enough for the expected traffic A world Class huge convention centre does not go with the concept of a hill station with only 9 meters access road, without adequate parking provisions. Quite a few residential buildings are without adequate open spaces, set back distances, parking spaces etc Height of buildings was increased from G+2 to G+5, which was illegal in the original hill station policy. Social Unrest Land being acquired by hook or crook. Inadequate compensation. State machinery used to coerce farmers. No proper plans to rehabilitate the farmers affected. Lavasa has been granted permissions in quick time by bending / breaking the law. Land leased for 30 yrs by govt. which in fact will never be returned and is as good as sold. Environment and Environmental Laws It was mandatory for Lavasa to seek PRIOR Environmental Clearance from the appropriate authorities under EIA Notifications 1994, 2004 and 2006. However none of them was obtained from the appropriate authorities. NAPM pointed out this to Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) Govt of India which in turn issued a STOP WORK notice to Lavasa on 25th November 2010. Lavasa moved to High Court against MOEF order, however; the High Court rejected Lavasas request to allow continuation of construction work. The works at project site came to halt. MoEF constituted Dayal Committee and further Ravindran Committee which recommended that Lavasa should be asked to pay 5% of the project cost as the Environment Protection Fund in lieu of the environmental damages caused by it. Dayal Committee Report and its outcome The Dayal committee visited the site from 5th-7th January, 2011 and inspected every Construction, every site of the project, assessed the environmental state and accordingly submitted the report to the MoEF which included a list of damages that the LCL has caused to the environment conditions .However the chairman of the committee is being criticized for pointing out very Minor issue and damages to the environment. After three days of on-the-spot assessment, the 11-member team of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) declared that the Lavasa project had caused no destruction of forests. The statement given by the chairman Mr. Dayal of the committee was Prima facie, forest destruction does not seem to have happened in case of Lavasa. The committee also reported that no reduction in water supply to Pune city was found to have occurred as a result of the project. The Dayal committee apparently gave a clean-chit to Lavasa mainly on two issues: Impact on forests and environment Impact on the water supply to Pune city Differing Issues: MOEF Lavasa Corporation Limited LCL (Lavasa Corporation Ltd) is in violation of (i) the EIA Notification, 1994; (ii) the EIA Notification, as amended in 2004; and (iii) the EIA Notification of 2006. The site visit report has also brought out the nature and magnitude of the environmental damage caused by the project. As such, the construction activity is unauthorised, being in violation of the above three notifications and is also environmentally damaging. The MoEF order is more on jurisdiction than on environment issues. However, having regard to the above but taking into account all the facts and circumstances of the case, particularly the submissions made with regard to the investments already incurred, third-party rights which are accrued, the various steps taken for establishment of a comprehensive hill station development, the employment generated and the claimed upliftment of the area under consideration, MoEF (Ministry of Environement and Forests) is prepared to consider the project on merits with the imposition of various terms and conditions, including the following: The payment of substantial penalty for the violation of environmental laws, which is incontrovertible; Over and above the penalty, creation of an Environmental Restoration Fund (ERF) by LCL with sufficiently large corpus which would be managed by an independent body with various stakeholders under the overall supervision of MoEF; Imposition of stringent terms and conditions, to ensure that no further environmental degradation takes place and that any degradation that has already occurred would be rectified within a time-bound schedule. MoEF does not have objective and measurable norms. Therefore, instead of restricting themselves to environmental issues, it has resorted to questioning state government jurisdiction, Special Planning Authority, MKVDC land transfer, land purchase, Lavasa master plan approval by collector, Hill Station policy, regional development plan, MRTP Act, etc. These haves nothing to do with environmental issues. Naresh Dayal, chairman of the technical committee, after completing his site visit made a statement to the media in Pune that there was no major environmental degradation and yet the report seems to magnify minor environmental issues to justify continuance of the stop work order. There were more than 1,000 villagers supporting Lavasa, whereas those supporting Medha Patkar were a mere dozen. Yet the committee gives more space to highlighting issues of Patkars supporters. Any road under construction in hilly regions requires cutting which looks harsh and bare initially. Reference photographs included in the report only show such roads in the early stages of construction and which were only about 5 km in length. It has conveniently kept out the photographs of over 100 km of roads that have been completed with enhanced green cover. Conclusion: With all the above observations carried out by the government constituted committee, post-facto green signal to Phase-I of Lavasa by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) given on the November 9th , 2011 was widely condemned by many intellectual groups and was declared as a  blot on the democratic process. It also created a shockingly dangerous precedent in the history of environmental action in India. MoEFs improper action has in fact sent shock-waves to eco-activists within the country and also across the world. Although it is not the first time in the long history of Indian Environmental clearance regime that political highhandedness has been used to subvert rule of law and the ends of justice, this case is unique since the  clearance has disregarded well established evidence based on facts collected by no other than the MoEF itself. It is surprising that the Ministrys decision has come in the wake of the case filed by the Maharashtra government against 15 perso ns including promoters of Lavasa Corporation for alleged violations of the Environment Protection Act (EPA), while the Maharashtra Chief Minister on the other hand has recommended that Lavasa be considered for environmental clearance, exposed the  double standards of the state government.

Religious Syncretism and its Consequences in Mayan Society Essay

Religious Syncretism and its Consequences in Mayan Society When Spaniards first set foot on Mesoamerican shores in the early sixteenth century, they encountered not the godless mass of natives they believed they found, but a people whose rich spiritual traditions shaped and sustained them for thousands of years. These diverse spiritual practices legitimized nearly every aspect of Mesoamerican daily life, from science and architecture to art and politics (Carmack 295), in many of the same ways Catholicism did in Spain. The collision of these cultures in the Great Encounter and the resulting Spanish colonial state mixed not solely two different peoples—Indian and Spanish—but thousands of variants: elites and slaves, peasant farmers and traders, priests and traders, organized and local spiritual customs, all with different degrees of diversity in their respective religious practices. This diversity set the stage for the syncretic religious traditions that emerged in Mayan society and remain a vital part of that culture today. Syncretic refers to the "nature of ideas, deities, and practices that derive from historically distinct traditions that become reinterpreted and transformed in situations of a cultural encounter" (Carmack 303). The cultural encounter between Mesoamericans and the Catholic Church was a natural result of mutual needs. The Indians needed protection from the cruelties inflicted by Spanish colonists, and the Church in many ways fought for their basic human rights; the Church needed land and support for their missions, and the Indians provided provisions and labor in much the same fashion as they had been giving tribute to ruling elites for thousands of years (Fash). This arrangement gave missionaries access not only to the Indians’ bodies—in the form of sweat and labor—but also their hearts and souls. The introduction of Christianity to native Mesoamericans, however, expressed itself in ways unexpected to the Catholic missionaries. For example, the concept of Jesus Christ—both in colonial Mesoamerica and today in thousands of Indian communities—became one of the several manifestations of the sun god (Carmack 304). The Virgin of Guadalupe, today the patron saint of Mexico, was and is embraced by Indians who interpreted her and the myth surrounding her 1531 appearance to Juan Diego in traditional spiritual custom: she is depicted as a d... ...storical documents such as Altar Q at Copà ¡n and the codexes. Other religious practices that resulted from the blending of ancient Mesoamerican and Catholic cultures in the diversity of colonial life include: the construction of churches and cathedrals on or near ancient temple sites; the ritual use of a fermented drink in spiritual practices (pulque and wine); public worship; incense; bundle cults; and many other "little traditions" (Carmack 304). Myriad syncretic spiritual forms evolved during the era of colonial Mesoamerica, expressing both public devotional practices and private household rituals that many times were veiled from Church scrutiny (Carmack 308). These rituals, born in indigenous culture and adapted to the drastically changed socio-economic and political landscape of colonial life, represent some of the few remaining links to the region’s spiritual and historical past. Bibliography: Carlsen, Robert. The War for the Heart & Soul of a Highland Maya Town. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. Carmack, Robert, Janine Grasco, and Gary Gossen. The Legacy of Mesoamerica: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization. New York: Prentice Hall, 1996.

Higher education in the USA Essay

Faktorami, opredelyayuschimi yavlyaetsya li uchrezhdenie odnim iz luchshih, ili odnim iz menee prestizhnyh, yavlyayutsya: kachestvo obucheniya fakul’tetov, kachestvo oborudovaniya dlya issledovanij, uroven’ finansirovaniya bibliotek, special’nyh programm, i t. d. , a takzhe kompetentnost’ i chislo pretendentov na priem, to est’ naskol’ko dannoe uchrezhdenie svobodno v vybore studentov. Vse `eti faktory dopolnyayut drug druga. Voobsche v Soedinennyh SHtatah priznano, chto est’ bolee i menee predpochtitel’nye uchrezhdeniya dlya obucheniya i polucheniya vysshego obrazovaniya. Bolee predpochtitel’nye uchrezhdeniya obychno, no ne vsegda, yavlyayutsya bolee dorogostoyaschimi, i okonchanie odnogo iz nih mozhet prinesti znachitel’nye preimuschestva, poskol’ku kazhdyj chelovek ischet vozmozhnost’ zanyatosti i social’nuyu podvizhnost’ v predelah obschestva. Konkurs na postuplenie v takoj kolledzh pobuzhdaet milliony starsheklassnikov sdavat’ SAT kazhdyj god. No nedavno akcent na vstupitel’nyh `ekzamenah shiroko kritikovalsya v Soedinennyh SHtatah, potomu chto `ekzameny pozvolyayut opredelit’ kompetentnost’ v matematike i anglijskom yazyke. V zaschituispol’zovaniya   `ekzamenov kak kriteriev pri postuplenii, rukovoditeli mnogih universitetov govoryat, chto ispol’zovanie SAT pozvolyaet spravedlivo reshit’, kogo prinyat’, kogda imeetsya 10 ili 12 pretendentov na odno mesto. Mogut li kolledzhi i universitety Ameriki osnovyvat’sya na ih rezul’tatah? Priblizitel’no 12 millionov studentov v nastoyaschee vremya poseschayut shkoly vysshego obrazovaniya v Amerike. Oni – studenty v obschestve, kotoroe verit v svyaz’ mezhdu obrazovaniem i demokratiej. Odnako, mnozhestvo amerikancev ne udovletvoreny sostoyaniem vysshego obrazovaniya v ih strane. Vozmozhno, naibolee shiroko rasprostranennoe nedovol’stvo vyzyvaet uchebnyj plan kolledzha v celom i shirokij diapazon dopolnitel’nyh zanyatij v chastnosti. V seredine 80-yh godov proshlogo veka Associaciya Amerikanskih Kolledzhej (AAC) vypustila doklad, v kotorom prizyvala k prepodavaniyu bazovoj chasti obschih znanij vsem studentam kolledzha. Nacional’nyj Institut Obrazovaniya (NIE) vypustil podobnyj zhe doklad- â€Å"Uchastie v obuchenii†. V svoem doklade NIE zaklyuchil, chto uchebnyj plan kolledzha stal â€Å"chrezmerno professional’no-tehnicheskim i svyazannym s rabotoj†. V nem takzhe preduprezhdaetsya, chto obrazovanie kolledzha bol’she ne mozhet razvivat’ v studentah â€Å"razdelennye cennosti i znaniya†, chto tradicionno svyazyvayut Amerikancev vmeste. Ser’eznoe obvinenie. Dejstvitel’no li `eto tak? V nekotoroj stepeni na dannyj moment `eto vozmozhno. Konechno, nekotorye studenty zakanchivayut svoe obuchenie bez kursa po Zapadnoj Civilizacii, ne upominaya drugie mirovye kul’tury. Drugie ostavlyayut kolledzh, ne izuchiv nauku ili pravitel’stvo. V otvet, mnogie kolledzhi nachali peresmatrivat’ osnovnoj uchebnyj plan, s kotorym vse studenty dolzhny spravlyat’sya. `Eti problemy – priznak togo, chto vysshee obrazovanie v Amerike menyaetsya, kak `eto imelo mesto vsegda v ego istorii. I, kak v proshlom, `eto izmenenie mozhet idti v neozhidannyh napravleniyah. Puritane osnovyvali kolledzhi, chtoby obuchat’ ministrov. No ih studenty proyavili sebya kak osnovopolozhniki pervoj v mire konstitucionnoj demokratii. Kolledzhi predostavleniya zemli byli osnovany, chtoby prepodavat’ sel’skoe hozyajstvo i proektirovanie stroitelyam Amerikanskogo Zapada. Segodnya, mnogie iz `etih kolledzhej yavlyayutsya veduschimi shkolami v nauchno-issledovatel’skom mire. Amerikancy vsegda delali stavku na â€Å"sozdanie sistemnoj raboty†. Oni imeyut osobo veskie prichiny dlya vypolneniya `etogo v oblasti obrazovaniya. Lyudi v Soedinennyh SHtatah segodnya stalkivayutsya s vazhnymi voprosami: â€Å"CHto yavlyaetsya nadlezhaschej rol’yu Ameriki kak strany s samoj staroj v mire konstitucionnoj demokratiej; s samoj bol’shoj `ekonomikoj; yavlyayuschejsya pervoj yadernoj derzhavoj? † Amerikancy uvazhayut svoe pravo vyrazit’ mnenie po vsem `etim problemam. No lyudi Soedinennyh SHtatov takzhe gluboko osoznayut, chto takie problemy dolzhny rassmatrivat’sya v komplekse. CHtoby prinimat’ uchastie v novyh voznikayuschih problemah, bol’shinstvo amerikancev chuvstvuet, chto oni nuzhdayutsya vo vsej informacii, kotoruyu oni mogut poluchit’. Kolledzhi i universitety – naibolee vazhnye centry takogo izucheniya. I nezavisimo ot togo, chto mogut trebovat’sya usovershenstvovaniya, ih buduschee polnost’yu garantiruetsya amerikanskoj zhazhdoj progressa i horoshej informirovannosti. Fakticheski, sleduyuschej zadachej amerikanskogo obrazovaniya mozhet stat’ tendenciya dlya lyudej prodolzhit’ ih obrazovanie v kolledzhe – dlya dal’nejshej zhizni. Slovar’. A Accept – Prinimat’ Achieves – Dostigat’ Accomplishment – Vypolnenie Account – Schet Adequate – Adekvatnyj Admission – Dopusk Admitted – Dopuschennyj Advantage – Preimuschestvo Agriculture – Sel’skoe hozyajstvo. Amount – Kolichestvo Applicant – Pretendent Application – Zayavlenie Association of American Colleges(AAC) – Associaciya Amerikanskih Kolledzhej Available – Dostupnyj Aware – Znaya B Bachelor’s degree – Stepen’ Bakalavra Be either – Byt’ takzhe Beyond – Vne Bond – Obyazatel’stvo C Certainly – Konechno Community – Soobschestvo Competition – Sorevnovanie Competence – Kompetentnost’ Complete – Polnyj Comprise – Vklyuchit’ Condition – Uslovie(sostoyanie) Contain – Soderzhat’ Conversely – Naoborot Costly – Dorogostoyaschij Criticized – Kritikuemyj Currently – V nastoyaschee vremya Curriculum – Uchebnyj plan D. Demand – Trebovanie Democracy – Demokratiya Desirable – ZHelatel’nyj Determining – Opredelenie Distinction – Razlichie Duration – Prodolzhitel’nost’ E Elective – Izbiratel’nyj Emphasis – Akcent Employment – Zanyatost’ Equal prestige – Ravnyj prestizh â€Å"Excessively vocational and work-related† – † CHrezmerno professional’no- tehnicheskij i svyazannyj s rabotoj † Exist – Suschestvovat’ G Graduate – Diplomirovannyj specialist Government – Pravitel’stvo H Higher education – Vysshee obrazovanie I Impression – Vpechatlenie Independent – Nezavisimyj Interviews – Interv’yu Issued – Vypuschennyj L Lead – Liderstvo. Majority – Bol’shinstvo Master’s degree – Stepen’ mastera Measure – Mera Mention – Upominanie Merely – Prosto Might – Mog by N National Institute of Education(NIE) – Nacional’nyj Institut Obrazovaniya Nuclear power – YAdernaya derzhava O Offer – Predlozhenie Obtain – Poluchit’ Opinions – Mneniya Opportunities – Vozmozhnosti Outstanding – Vydayuschijsya P Painfully – Gluboko Particular – Specificheskij(osobennyj) Percent – Procent Perhaps – Vozmozhno Proper – Nadlezhaschij Provide – Obespechit’ Public – Gosudarstvennyj(obschestvennyj) Puritans – Puritane Private – CHastnyj R Receive – Poluchit’. Recently – Nedavno Recognized – Priznannyj Recommendations – Rekomendacii Regard – Otnoshenie Reinforce – Ukrepit’ Respect – Uvazhenie S Satisfactory – Udovletvoritel’nyj Satisfied – Udovletvorennyj Seek – Iskat’ Similar – Podobnyj Simply – Prosto Scholars – Uchenye Scientific research – Nauchnoe issledovanie Social mobility – Social’naya mobil’nost’ Success – Uspeh T Traditional bind – Tradicionno svyazyvayut â€Å"The shared values and knowledge† – † Razdelennye cennosti i znanie † Q Quality of research facilities – Kachestvo sredstv obsluzhivaniya issledovaniya W Whether – Li Widespread – SHiroko rasprostranennyj.

40th Anniversary Celebrations of Hot Wheels

HOT WHEELS ® Kicks Off 40th Anniversary With Diamond-Encrusted Car At N. Y. Toy Fair Year-Long Celebration of Activities by  HWC Press 02-15-08 Hot Wheels ® today announced its year-long plans to celebrate the brand's 40-year heritage at the 105th American International Toy Fair ®. Anniversary activities were kicked off with the unveiling of a custom jeweled 1:64-scale Hot Wheels ® car, designed by celebrity jeweler Jason of Beverly Hills.This one-of-a-kind car, the most expensive in Hot Wheels ® history, was made to commemorate the production of the four-billionth Hot Wheels ® vehicle. The diamonds on the custom-made jeweled car, valued at $140,000, total more than 2,700 and weigh nearly 23 carats. The car is cast in 18-karat white gold, while the majority of the vehicle is detailed with micro pave-set brilliant blue diamonds, mimicking Hot Wheels ® Spectraflame ® blue paint. Under the functional hood, the engine showcases additional micro pave-set white and black diamonds.The Hot Wheels ® flame logo found on the underbelly of the car is lined with white and black diamonds. Red rubies are set as the tail lights, while black diamonds and red enamel create the â€Å"Red Line ®Ã¢â‚¬  wheels. The custom-made case that houses the jewel-encrusted vehicle also holds 40 individual white diamonds, signifying each year in the legacy of the Hot Wheels ® brand. | â€Å"Collaborating with Mattel on the jeweled Hot Wheels car was a dream project for me,† said Jason Arasheben, president ; CEO of Jason of Beverly Hills. The car is truly spectacular and will be a brilliant addition to anyone’s collection. † The vehicle was unveiled by multi-platinum recording artist and car enthusiast Nick Lachey, who grew up playing with the die-cast car line. In late 2008, this unique Hot Wheels ® vehicle will be auctioned off to benefit Lachey's charity of choice. â€Å"Since its introduction, Hot Wheels has revolutionized boys' toys and insp ired automotive trends,† said Tim Kilpin, general manager and senior vice president, Boys and Entertainment, Mattel Brands. â€Å"The historic ctivities we have planned are a fitting tribute to the brand's heritage and will allow us, and our fans, to celebrate this milestone year in true Hot Wheels style. † In 2008, Hot Wheels ® will honor the partners that have helped make the brand successful and will take to the road to celebrate the brand's heritage with its faithful fans. These activities include: Hot Wheels ® Designer's Challengeâ„ ¢ For the first time in its history, Mattel went outside of its in-house design team to seek new car designs and to honor the automotive partners that attributed to the success of Hot Wheels ® cars over the years.Car designers from Dodge, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Lotus and Mitsubishi designed their version of a Hot Wheels ® concept car based on the brand's attributes of speed, power, performance and attitude. Each submitt ed design was created in a 1:5-scale model and unveiled this past October at the 2007 Specialty Equipment Market Association (SEMA) Show in Las Vegas. In late March the 1:64-scale versions will be available at retailers nationwide as part of the Designer's Challengeâ„ ¢ product line. I’ve been involved in multi-million dollar concept car designs but not everyone can relate to these kinds of projects,† said Amaury Diaz Serrano, creative designer, General Motors. â€Å"But, everyone can relate to a Hot Wheels. Regardless of age, race or background, everyone has fond memories of playing with them. To be able to design for Hot Wheels is the closest I will ever get to winning an Oscar. † Hot Wheels ® Cross-Country Road Trip This summer, fans across the country will be invited to celebrate the 40th anniversary as Hot Wheels ® travels Highway 40 to bring together automotive enthusiasts of all ages.Kicking off at Mattel's headquarters in El Segundo in mid-August, the road trip will make stops at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah; Speed, KS; Indianapolis; and Detroit, before culminating in a grand finale celebration on September 5 in Watkins Glen, NY — home to American road racing. There, Hot Wheels ® will partner with the Grand Prix Festival of Watkins Glen to participate in the annual celebratory kick-off event honoring the history of the town and race track. At each road trip stop, Hot Wheels ® will host a free event that will be open to the public.Each event will feature life-size Hot Wheels ® cars, kiosks where people can create their own custom Hot Wheels ® â€Å"drivers license,† family-friendly activities, and the opportunity to receive a commemorative 1:64-scale Hot Wheels ® car created especially for each stop, available in limited quantities. â€Å"40 years. Four billion cars. It is a year of exciting milestones for Hot Wheels,† said Geoff Walker, vice president, Wheels Marketing, Mattel Brands. †Å"We just can't wait to get on the road to celebrate with the millions that share the Hot Wheels passion. â€Å"

The Lord of The Files by William Golding.

The Lord of The Files by William Golding. Of Savages and InnocentsIn William Golding's Lord of the Flies, it is apparent the author is trying to get across the point that evil is inside of each of us.In all cultural stereotypes, even today, anyone who may be different from the typical American white man can be labeled as savage. Man's original sin is overlooked and all the negative energy is focused on the "evil" differences of other cultures. For example, in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, the author wrote a fictional account of Crusoe and his attempt to civilize a savage. The savage in the story, was an evil creature who did not know the difference between yes and no, and was intent on finding the graves of two dead men and, "making signs to me that we should dig them up again, and eat them". In the story, Crusoe taught the man morals and clothed him, for which the story made him a hero, when all he really had done was rip a man away from his homeland.Mohawk VS GoldingsAnother example is Rudyard Kipling, who wrote the poem "The White Man's Burden" in response to the increased amount of Philippine people in America. Because the people of the Philippines had different customs, values, and looks, they were thought right away to be savages. Kipling wrote his poem to the United States as if to say "now you have to deal with this load of savages". He wrote about the Philippine people in a negative manner of the savages, calling them "your new-caught, sullen peoples, half devil and half child", perfectly reflecting the definition of definition of savagery at the time.Golding's Lord of the Flies was a radical objection in the face of prejudice, stating that white men were just as savage of those others that...

Varnasrama-dharma, the Hindu Caste System

Varnasrama-dharma, the Hindu Caste System Free Online Research Papers This paper will explore the Hindu caste system. Varnasrama-dharma, as applied to the varnas, or castes, is one of the fundamental aspects of Hinduism. Its origins trace back to the 1500’s, when the Aryans invaded India from then Persia. The complex hierarchy was devised as a system to facilitate the subjugation of the conquered tribes. The caste system is based upon the principle that human society is like a complex machine, with individuals and communities as its parts. If the parts are weak, broken, or asked to perform a function it was not designed for, the machine will not work. Likewise, each part has its place and function; no part can do the job of another, and all must keep their place for the machine to function smoothly. This Dharma, our place within and duty to the machine of society, is not just essential to our happiness, but the happiness of all. Hindu society is traditionally divided into four main castes, with each main caste divided into hundreds of sub-castes, or jati. The function of these castes is to quantify how ‘pure’ a person is, and thus how close he is to reaching Moksha, or enlightenment. Being born to a higher caste is an indication that one had lived one’s previous lives in a holy manner. As a result, the higher castes must live holy lives themselves, or they will regress to a lower caste in their next life; or worse, be born outside of the castes entirely (Flesher). The highest caste is the Brahmins, the priestly caste. Their dharma is to study and understand the Vedas, Hindu’s four holy texts, and bring this knowledge to others. The second caste is the Kshatriya, the warrior/ruling class, who protects and guides the people. Vaishya, the professional caste, work in business and production to provide economically for the people. The Shudra, lowest of the castes, are servants to the higher three castes, providing the labor which moves society. Some upward mobility is possible, in that each caste has hundreds of jati. It is possible in one’s lifetime, by marriage or economics, to attain a different jati, but never to transcend or fall from the main caste one is born into. There is a segment of society that is so low that it was once not officially considered a caste. These are the Harijan; once known as the untouchables. The untouchables were considered wholly impure, and were given positions within society to reflect that. These jobs typically involved handling dead matter and filth; such as street sweepers, butchers, latrine cleaners, and the like. They are outcast from society to the point that they may not come into physical contact with one of the pure casts. If such contact were to occur, or even if an untouchable were to touch a casted person’s possessions or furniture, the casted person would immediately be required to cleanse his person or property (Anand). At first appearance, the Hindu caste structure and the social laws pertaining to rights based on caste seem to be prejudicial and exclusive. The lowest caste, Shudra, is not allowed to hear or study the holy Vedas. However, from a religious standpoint, the caste system is not abusive in itself. The Shudra are not allowed the Vedas, but they are allowed to participate in the Hindu religion. It may seem counterproductive to deny them the very texts that dictate their caste and dharma, but Hindus believe that everyone who is born into a caste is there for a reason. Karma, how you spend a lifetime, which follows you throughout your many lifetimes, determines which caste you will be in for the next lifetime. You may be demoted to an animal, repositioned within the castes, or granted Moksha. One’s karma and success in fulfilling one’s dharma determine if one is ready for a caste in which he will be allowed to study the Vedas and progress along Samsara; the cycle of lif e, death, and rebirth. Proponents of the caste system argue that it provides the answers that people turn to religion for. It gives the people a social structure that encourages closeness with other members from your caste. It gives an individual a meaning to life, even if that meaning is to serve or sweep the street. It provides a goal and a purpose. The caste system has the advantage of clearly defining morality and giving people a firm place in society. Though one may not be able to raise is caste within a lifetime, neither can his caste be lowered. It enables one to concentrate upon their dharma, to improve their karma, and progress toward rebirth in a higher caste. â€Å"Since it is accepted that one’s caste is determined by one’s past karma, there is no reason to be bitter about one’s lot or envy others† (Ludwig, 109). Granted, the caste system has not been implemented as the Vedas instruct. The system has come to be a hierarchy wherein the lowest levels are not given the respect commanded in religious texts (Embry). Detractors point to this as why, even with the caste system officially dissolved by the Indian democratic government, caste-based discrimination continues to be a hardship on the lower castes when it comes to employment and economic improvement. Today, things are much improved with the introduction of programs similar to Affirmative Action, and free education for all Indian citizens. Still a complete and genuine equality for all continues to elude them. It should be pointed out, with the official removal of the caste system; the door has been opened to social backlash, often referred to as ‘reverse discrimination.’ Policies originally meant to equalize the treatment of all citizens have been over extended and misapplied. Opportunities once reserved for the higher castes are now available to Harijan and Shudra, and actually denied to Brahmins. This upturn has triggered a re-stratification of society, converting it to a new system the where once oppressed become the oppressors. Every society naturally stratifies its population on the basis of influence, wealth, or education. The varna system ensures a high standard of craftsmanship, a sense of community belonging, family integrity and religious-cultural continuity. Indians have clung to these traditions as a source of economic and social stability in an often distressed society. It is unfortunate that the varna system has ended this way. However, it does not mean that classification is wrong. Rather than scrapping a major tenant of the national religion, it should be restructured to properly reflect karma as set in the Vedas. References Flesher, Paul. Social Organization; The Caste System. Retrieved February 02, 2010 from http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/religionet/er/hinduism/HORGS.HTM Anand, Mulk Raj: Untouchable. London. Penguin Putnam, 1940. Embree, Ainslie T.: Indias Search For National Identity. Delhi, India. Chanakya Publications, 1980. Research Papers on Varnasrama-dharma, the Hindu Caste SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export Quotas

Care for Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Care for Mechanically Ventilated Patients The following case study will focus on a discussion around pain assessment and complexity of care delivered to individuals, who are mechanically ventilated, with altered levels of consciousness. The pathophysiology of ventilation and its associated consequences and symptoms for a patient’s care will be thoroughly examined. Aspects of pain assessment in individuals, who are sedated on ventilation support, and nursing interventions to identify levels of pain will be critically analysed and justified. Finally, the complexity of patient’s care will be argued and critically evaluated and the wider context of care management will be conscientiously discussed. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) outlines the definition of pain as an â€Å"unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage† (IASP, 2017). In accordance to Chanques et al (2007) pain is one of the mo st occurring complications associated with intensive care stay with an occurrence of moderate to severe level of pain experienced by almost 50 % of medical and surgical patients. Bertollini et al (2002) reported that approximately 80 % of patients on critical care units, amongst Europe, have experienced pain during nursing interventions and have not received adequate analgesia. In multicentre studies 50 – 65% of patients complained that they suffered severe pain in ICU; 15% were unhappy with the pain management they received. To maintain confidentiality and to protect the identity of an individual, the name of the patient will be changed to Mr Kenneth Smith (pseudonym), in line with Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC,2015). Kenneth is an 74 year old male admitted to cardiac intensive care unit (day 10) following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Kenneth was previously diagnosed with triple vessel coronary artery disease, following myocardial infarction four weeks prior to surgery. Currently, he cannot maintain his own breathing, therefore, to promote haemodynamic stability Ken is ventilated with a use of synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) mode. To facilitate Ken’s ventilation, he is also sedated however, it has been found that Ken reacts to voice and occasionally opens his eyes. The possibility of delirium also emerged as the patient’s wife deems, that Kenneth appears disorientated and agitated at times (Kings compromising successful post-operative recovery (Rakel and Herr, 2004).   Twycross (2002) argues that pain appears to be a problem in acute settings, yet the knowledge and understanding of its management is limited amongst nursing staff; which breaches the principles of effective practice in line with the best available evidence (NMC, 2015). Awareness of causes and interactions of pain, agitation and delirium in Kenneth’s case is essential, to promote quicker recovery by managing pain effect ively and weaning patient off the ventilation support (Stein-Parbury and Mckinley, 2000). Endotracheal tube combined with sternal wound and chest drains contributes to nociceptor activation and sensitization at various levels (Dahl and Kehlet, 2006). Hence, Kenneth is experiencing ongoing pain at rest, that increases with movements. Although, pain analgesia is administered on regular basis to control discomfort levels (WHO, 2015); Koppert et al (2003) argues that increased pain sensitivity in surgical patients to stimuli is commonly recognised as an effect of opioids. The thesis is strongly supported by Wilder Smith (2006) who acknowledge, that hyperalgesia has a major effect on the way brain processes pain signals. There several mediators that contributes to nociceptor activation: prostaglandins, interleukins, cytokine and neutrophils (Brennan, 2017). Peripheral neutrophilic granulocytes (NG’s) also have an impact on peripheral sensitivity and contribute to pain where the in cision was made (Carreira et al, 2013). The intensity of pain is amplified by nociceptive neurones that send electrical signals to central nervous system along axons, which again depends on many factors, including surgical site and discomfort caused by endotracheal tube or Kenneth position (Steeds, 2016). Recent Kenneth’s arterial blood gas reading revealed, decreased tissue pH and increased lactate concentration, which in accordance to Brennan (2011) could also influence the intensity of pain and spontaneous pain behaviour. Initially, Kenneth was commenced on mechanical ventilation post operatively to maintain his haemodynamic stability, decrease cardiac workload and provide optimum for gaseous exchange (Goldsworthy and Graham, 2014). Upon physician assessment, Kenneth receives SIMV, which delivers set amount of breath and encourages patient to take spontaneous breaths (Wiesen et al, 2013). SIMV mode helps to reduce Kenneth’s cardiac output, although it has been p roved that it prolongs ventilation dependency. Due to persistent episodes of hypoxemia, weaning from ventilation is delayed, which put Kenneth at risk of further complications (Chlan, 2011). Pillbeam and Cairo (2006) conducted a study which shown that prolonged ventilation increases the mortality rate. Challenges faced by nursing staff in pain management influences the process of weaning, hence it affects Kenneth’s quality of life (Baazm et al, 2014). Nelson et al, 2010 argues that patients who struggle to wean of ventilation support are at greater risk of infection, delirium, pain and they are often experiencing anxiety. Therefore, it could be questioned whether, unmanaged pain is a leading cause of prolonged ventilation or vice versa. Whitehouse et al (2014) reports that pain can trigger stress response which can have detrimental effect on patient’s health and wellbeing. Increased levels of catecholamines can cause arteriolar vasoconstriction, impair tissue perfusion and decrease tissue oxygen partial pressure which would impact on delayed weaning of ventilation support and increased oxygen consumption (Barr et al 2013). Catabolic disturbances and hypoxemia caused by pain can also impair wound healing process and lead to wound infection; pain decreases natural killer cell activity, cytotoxic T cell and neutrophils which are pivotal for immune system (Woolf, 1989). Wagner et al 1998 emphasises that other factors such as sleep disturbances and anxiety can aggravate pain perceptions. Royal College of Nursing (2003) concludes that nurses have duty of care to minimise distress and suffering from pain. The â€Å"gold standard† in pain assessment by nurses is self-reporting by the patient, providing necessary information, that helps to identify source, intensity and underlying condition so that appropriate analgesia can be administered (Chanques and Constantin, 2010). but Kenneth cannot give sufficient response due to endotracheal tube and se dation level (Craig and Schlavenato, 2010). Pain is difficult to measure as it is an individual experience and everyone perceive it on their own way. It encompasses wide spectrum of physiological and psychological responses; therefore, it is pivotal for nurses to provide holistic approach when looking after critically ill patients (Woodrow and Moore, 2004). Kenneth during morning activities, whilst being assisted with personal hygiene needs appeared to be in discomfort, especially during moving and handling manoeuvres. Bird (2003) argues that there is no specific pain assessment tool for ICU patients and should evaluate effectiveness of tools used, to manage pain effectively. Chanques and colleagues (2010) have manifested that visually enlarged numeric rating scale (NRS) from 0 (minimal discomfort) to 10 severe pain, is the most successful and valid across other pain assessment tools available. Jensen (2003) has reviewed 164 journals and demonstrated that NRS tool is the most reliab le indicator of pain intensity. Although Kenneth can blink his eyes occasionally when asked about pain levels, it is difficult to determine the accuracy of patient’s perception due to level of sedation and cognition state. Kenneth’s effort to express and communicate pain is respected and adequate pain analgesia is provided. The evidence shows that the belief of patient’ report creates trust relationship between patient and healthcare professional, therefore pain management is more successful and effective (D’Arcy, 2011). Pain can increase with activity and it is revealed as dynamic process, therefore Kenneth is reassessed on a regular basis to maintain comfort and minimise distress (Dahl and Kehlet, 2006). Barr (2013) emphasises that pain in intensive care unit patients’ needs to be assessed frequently and repetitively in an effective manner to maintain high quality of care and promote healing. Puntillo (2009) stresses that healthcare professionals must use â€Å"structured, valid and reliable tools† due to complexity of patients’ needs. Upon Kenneth pain assessment, it was found that Behavioural Pain Scale was the most effective. Nurses observed that Kenneth is becoming restless and agitated and facial grimacing is present, which resolves with appropriate analgesia (Feldt, 2000). These behaviours fit into criteria of pain indication as per Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI) (Young, 2006). Nurses derived the total BPS score of 8-10, which indicated that Kenneth was experiencing severe pain on assessment. D’arcy (2011) speculates that the use BPS is not as effective and developed as current tools that have been in use for years. Li and colleagues (2008) also argue that there is some evidence about BPS, an updated revision in regards to validity and effectiveness is needed, so that it can be applicable for ICU patients. However, Payen (2008) and Arbour et al (2011) dispute with the opinion of h is colleagues and demonstrate that there are recent studies which show that BPS improve pain management and successful recovery, followed by shorter duration of mechanical ventilation. Implementation of Payen BPS appeared to be extremely useful, when repositioning Kenneth in bed, as it assesses compliance with ventilation, detecting specific pain behaviours (Puntillo et al., 2001). In addition to respiratory support, pain is also triggered by sternal wound and both chest drains which increase the intensity of pain experienced by Kenneth. The study carried out by Payen (2001) demonstrated that 63% of ICU patients could remember pain and 40% patients post cardiac surgery experienced the worst pain due to chest drains and surgical wounds. In addition to BPS, there are other assessment tools for critically ill patients, like Kenneth, such as Gelinas Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) which is also based on behavioural observations (Gelinas et al, 2006). Its effectiveness was a gain reported during moving and handling manoeuvres, where ventilation machine was observed for alarms, which displayed that Kenneth stopped breathing spontaneously. Slight resistance was also felt by nursing staff; which indicated muscle tension that potentially resulted from pain (Li et al 2008). Marjorie, Kenneth’s wife, was also asked to provide information in regards to Kenneth’s usual behaviours which could be then compared with those gathered during specific assessments. Nursing staff found difficulties in interpreting Kenneth behaviours at times, as they represented numerous things amongst various periods of time (Garteth and Williams, 2017). Olding et al (2015) suggest that family involvement in nursing care positively influences patients care despite its complexity; therefore, behaviour changes were written down over a shift duration, with Marjorie’s active involvement, and clear picture of Kenneth’s behaviours created. It also facilitated imp lementation, care planning and evaluation that promote holistic and family centric model of care (World Health Organisation, 2007). Surrogate designation of Marjorie to help with pain assessment, represents Kenneth’s wishes and needs; effective communication and good relationship between relatives and nursing professionals protects Kenneth’s autonomy (Sprung and Azoulay, 2004).   Marjorie, visits Kenneth daily, hence, nursing staff could go through the pain assessment tool together, improving its effectiveness and recognising new changes. It has been reported that, when Marjorie is present, Kenneth is more settled and less agitated, therefore, social contact with beloved ones maximises quality of care and recovery (Aust, 2013). Family interaction in basic nursing care and patient psychological and emotional support is a way of demonstrating love and care, a unique aspect of care that can be only provided by them (Engstrom and Soderberg, 2007). Dowling and Wang ( 2005) conclude that family support has a positive impact on patient’s outcome and recovery rate. Close contact with family gives them strength to overcome struggles related to their condition and enables them to regain orientation within the environment (Magarey and McCutcheon, 2005). Kenneth’s physiologic parameters are monitored regularly to maintain patient’s stability and to provide nurses with information about Ken’s physiologic status so that, they can react fast upon any changes (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [CG50], 2017). During personal hygiene and moving and handling manoeuvres, it has been noted that Kenneth’s blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) increased with visible behavioural changes and became stable once the painful stimuli was removed. Although, vital signs are widely used by nurses in pain assessment, they are not validated and supported by clinical evidence (Donaldson et al., 200 3). Kenneth’s is also receiving inotropic therapy in terms of cardiovascular support and sedative agent are also used, therefore, his vital signs are likely to fluctuate (Imal et al., 2011); however, they have not been discussed further in this discussion. Payen et al. (2001) with Gelinas and Johnston (2007) found that BP and mean blood pressure (MAP) increased in patients with altered level of consciousness, when exposed to nociceptive stimuli. However, Frazier et al (2002) argued that alteration of vital signs could result from activation of autonomic nervous system as a stress response and anxiety indication from performed procedures. Barr et al. (2013) in Clinical Practice Guidelines do not recommend that vital signs should be used when performing pain assessment, although they can be used as a suggestion and cue to conduct further assessment.

The Role of Company Directors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Role of Company Directors - Essay Example Fiduciary duty is inherent amidst the interaction between directors and their company, trustees and their trusts, and lawyers and their customers. Barnet (2008) has defined fiduciary duty as a model of care observed in a legal correlation of faith and assurance involving an individual in a position of control, authority or influence, and another who is reliant on the appropriate exercise of that power...intrinsic in fiduciary duty is the accountability to perform in excellent confidence and honesty, the duty to work in the interests of the principal and to shun self-dealing transactions, and the commitment to not wield unreasonable demands or to proceed without the awareness and blessing of the principal. In a landmark case involving Caremark International Inc.1996 by the Delaware Chancery Court, the role of company’s directors was expanded to encompass liability in monitoring the company’s operations or ‘oversight liability’. This in effect meant that the directors had a fiduciary duty of closely supervising or overseeing the company’s daily transaction thus had to keep up-to-date on the regular operations of the corporation. The Delaware Supreme Court’s decision, Stone v. Ritter [Del. Supr., Jan. 27, 2009] upheld that the directors’ failure to ‘act in the face of a known duty to act’ is a breach of the duty of loyalty. To stem the excesses of the corporations in the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted even as the courts stepped up punitive actions on errant directors and firms engaging in fraudulent activities. As a consequence, many directors are increasingly getting more involved in the company’s operations to offset being charged with negligence and abdication of their fiduciary duties (Rehfeld, 2005).

A holiday i don't like Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A holiday i don't like - Essay Example New Year Eve (late hours of December 31 and the early hours of January 1st) is the event I do not like. Although it is a social holiday in the United States (Immihelp.com), I have found few of the public activities relevant to the practical life. Moreover, I have been frequently haunted by the aching memories of a black New Year Eve since my childhood. I dislike this holiday for numerous reasons. Initially, I do not find any fun in saying good bye to the outgoing year and welcoming a better new year since we are solely responsible for the peace and adversity of our lives. It is ridiculous that people undertake new commitments in the beginning of every year and forget them as time passes. Subsequently lives go worse than that of the previous year and people again burn effigy of the outgoing year as if it was the perpetrator for the hardship. Taking great vows and putting little effort to perform them make little change in one’s life. This is what generally happens with people in every New Year event. Furthermore, many people who participate in the New Year celebration are not really aware of the relevance of the activities and functions. To the majority of them it is the day of unlimited fun and abuse. Drunkards and thugs make complete mayhem and perform anti-social activities and crimes on this eve. The whole nation plunges into atrocity on every New Year eve and in fact, New Year dawn wakes up from a horrible night of disorder. The excessive consumption of alcohol intensifies accidents, conflicts, fights, and deaths. Several people die because of fireworks mishaps and other accidents. It was at the age of twelve, I confronted with the evil facet of New Year celebration for the first time in my life. My parents were highly religious that they used to attend ‘Watch Night’ on every New Year Eve. Manhattan with its all beauty appeared to be alluring in

The first temple period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The first temple period - Essay Example Later, the rise and the invasions of the Babylonian empire, which eventually led to the destruction of the First Temple in the 6th century BCE, had brought about even more social changes and climaxed into a complete crisis of faith for the Israelites' religion, which was unprecedented. At the start of the First Temple Period, when Jerusalem was ruled by King David and Solomon, people tended to be faithful to one and only one God, the God who had blessed Abraham and his descendents. Alongside Jerusalem was also an independent regional power. However, invasions from foreign empires completely demolished Jerusalem's importance in the area and deeply affected almost all aspect of the people's lifestyles, especially social structures and their religious outlook. To understand the effects of foreign invasions on Jerusalem and on the ancient Israelites living there, one needs to go through the history of the Israelites in Jerusalem. The Israelites were associated with Jerusalem ever since the historical conquest of this place in 1000 BCE by King David as described in the second book of Samuel (NRSV, 2 Samuel 5:6-10). It is mentioned in the book that King David acquired control of the city of Zion. In addition, the accounts in the first book of Chronicles tell us that it was Joab, a kinsman of David, who led the war against Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 2: 4-8). Thus the conquest of Jerusalem helped unite the northern Israelite tribe with the southern Israelite tribe because Jerusalem, which was inhabited by the alien Jebusites, was the only physical barrier separating the two tribes (Kenyon 1967: 54). The unification of the two tribes strengthened the power of the Israelites and allowed for their expansions. Known for his ability to wage war, King David defeated a lot of neighboring cities and extended his control far beyond the limits of Jerusalem, and made thus conquered neighboring cities to pay tribute to him (Burke 2007: 1/12). He sent his forces east across Jordan as far as Damascus and Zobah, and subdued the Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, and Amalekites. During King David's reign, the Israelites were in control of territories running from Kadesh in Syria to Ezion-geber at the head of the Gulf of Aqabah (Orlinsky 1964: 61). Even the Phoenicians agreed to provide the Israelites with skilled engineers and craftsmen in return for their protection (Orlinsky 1964: 63). King David 's son Solomon, who is famed for his wisdom, kept up the diplomatic relationship with the other cities that were begun by his father. Thus under Solomon's reign, Jerusalem returned to more peace and had strong trading links with its neighbors. Solomon even perfected and extended the administrative organization installed by his father (1 Kings 4), an d was, thus, able to collect more taxes and recruit more labor (Orlinsky 1964: 72). Solomon also built the Temple on the Temple Mount, which later became the center of faith and acted as the axis mundi, connecting the heaven, the earth, and the underworld. The periods ruled by King David and King Solomon are still considered as the golden ages of Jerusalem. It was a great achievement that in mere fifty years, David and Solomon had built the kingdom of Israel from out of a loose tribe, creating an administrative organization, although this kingdom did not last very long (Kenyon 1967: 58). It was during the

Critical review of Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990) The Core Essay

Critical review of Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990) The Core Competence of the Corporation in Harvard Business Review, May-June - Essay Example They have dwelt on the role of core competence in the consolidation of business and their discussion of the topic has been on a very high level of consolidating the deeper roots of the tree that a corporation can be compared. If roots are strong, competitive advantage is always in reach (Ward & Rivani 2005). As there are different schools of strategic thought and leadership like the Great Man theory of leadership (Bodega 2004)), Prahalad and Hamel (2005) have analysed the leadership issue in detail through the means of consolidating the core competencies to lead not only through SBUs but overall exchange of competencies internally to avail all possible benefits from it. The article) provides knowledge of the strategic positioning of business from a heightened platform and perspective of how corporations should manage their business functions through core competency (Ward & Rivani 2005). The larger perspective of any industry requires P5F MODEL employing suitable tools like SWOT and PEST, then comes the time to strategise. Out of the choicest divisions of schools of thoughts on strategy building, the most comprehensive strategy has been presented by Whittington based on four approaches being Deterministic or Emergent, Single goal or Pluralistic, Strategy style and Influences. Examining the work of Prahalad and Hamel (2005), from Whittington’s model one can easily categorise it to the period of 1990s influencing the global economics with embedded strategy style, both single or plural and deterministic as well as emergent. What Prahalad and Hamel have said can be both compared and contrasted with what Whittington’s (2005) four approaches on strategy development are. The article stresses on both core competencies and core products in collaboration with alliance partners. Contrast seems to be in the deeper understanding

Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking Essay - 1

Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking - Essay Example It is imperative for businesspeople to develop their negotiation skills. Investing in training and development lessons in negotiation for the marketing department workers is a very wise investment. The marketing department is directly responsible of generating sales for the company (Kotler, 2003). Sales are the engine that drives a company. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the negotiation process for a job offer with Joe Tech and Robust Routers. As a prospective employee for the company my first strategy during the initial talks of the negotiation is to establish how strong a candidate I am for the position based on my educational and work experience credentials. I would come prepare with the most recent HR data on compensation for professionals in my career. The data from a reputable source reveals that the $92,000 based salary is within the boundaries of what another professional with similar credentials receives. The overall benefits packaged on the table are very reasonable based on the industry standards. During the negotiation process I will ensure that I use good active listening. By becoming a better listener, you will improve your productivity, as well as your ability to influence, persuade and negotiate† (Mindtools., 2013). I must act confident through the entire negotiations and my mindset must be positive. There are several things and can help a person achieve a successful employment negotiation. The person applying for a job vacancy must dress in a professional manner preferably in a suit for the first interview with the human resource representative or manager of the company. A second important tip for a person in the job application process is to perform research on the firm by searching information from different sources including the corporate website of the company and its annual report. All public companies are mandated to file annual reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Within the content of the annual report are the financial statements of a company (Sec, 2013). Analyzing the financial performance of the company is a good topic to bring up during the conversations of the negotiation. The employer will realize that the candidate came prepared to the negotiation table which shows competence. There are different negotiation strategies that can be used to obtain a p ositive outcome that allows the parties to reach a deal. These strategies can provide outcomes that result in win-win or win-lose outcomes. â€Å"In a successful negotiation, it’s up to each side to paint a vision – based on that side’s mission and purpose – which the other side evaluates as being beneficial or not† (Camp, 2013). In the negotiation process I must persuade the other party to visualize my proposition as a win-win outcome or win for them and lose for me. I have to reflect to the employer my value as a professional and that by hiring me the firm will increase its human capital tremendously. A lot can be learned about the parties involved during the initial negotiation process. The character of the person, communication style, personality, and body language are things that influence the conversations of a negotiation. A good negotiator is able to persuade and convince others (Sfh, 2007). During the early part of the negotiation it becom es notable whether the person negotiating has good verbal communication skills. The ability to communicate well will affect the negotiation from the start until the closure of the event. Compromising the terms of the labor contract now in hopes of being able to negotiate better terms in the future is a risky strategy. The compensation that a company owes an employee is stipulated in the term of the employment contract. If an employee signs a contract with a verbal

Critically evaluate the extent to which the role of leaders and Essay

Critically evaluate the extent to which the role of leaders and managers contributes to employee motivation and engagement with - Essay Example Managers should engage in motivation as it eases unnecessary fears among the employees. Statistics reveal that workers perform poorly under oppression as compared to when motivated. The following script outlines the importance of motivation, relevant theories, and the essence as to why leaders should use the tool (Lauby, 2005:69). Mangers role in employee motivation An employee is one of the most critical factors of production. This is because; they have the duty to carry out all tasks, irrespective of whether machinery or manual operation. The essence is that, no matter the employees competence to a task, shortcomings may arise due to monotony, frustration, and oppression. Managers must try to curb behaviors that tend to mislead the company, and practice behaviors that will gear up progression and prosperity (Kusluvan, 2003:340). Bearing in mind that, every set of human beings does exhibit distinct cultures, managers should observe and tame that culture which favors the company more . Culture comprises of personal beliefs, attributes, needs, and behaviors. On addressing these issues properly, the company pursues its objectives and strategically beats competition. Managers should simply address issues in a friendly way and welcome views from the employees. They should avoid ideologies of drawing attention from the employees that they should recognize them by their positions (Podmorof, 2005:67). Role of leadership and managers An employee will perceive a motivating factor whenever it affects his welfare. Decades ago, managers and leaders experienced the same issues that occur in modern businesses; this led to the development of various theories that can actively apply in solving human related problems in organization. Among them was Abraham Maslow who distinguished human needs in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid. The pyramid elaborates needs from the most pressing, those one cannot do without, to those perceived as defining class in the society. The pyramid addresses as; biological and physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization (Bruce, 2006:80). The pyramid describes necessities as biological and social needs. It states that an employee will work to cater for his necessities, which are; air, food, shelter and clothing. It argues that, the reason as to why human beings strive in their daily chores is to ensure that they are able to meet their needs effectively (Levesque, 2008:59). No one can survive without food since hunger is a recurring problem. For example, after feeding, people do not sit back and assume that they have made a solution to hunger eternally. Similarly, shelter poses as a pressing need as all people strive to live in houses to avoid bad weather conditions and enhance privacy. Due to evolution, the modern man finds clothing crucial as it is also ethical and moral to dress-up (Doyle, 2005:180). On achieving all basic needs, human beings will find that they need safety in their lives. Therefore, they seek protection from all societal vices and device security channels that will cover their lives from dangers (Kusluvan, 2003:340). Since all humans may enforce their feelings in handling different threats, the modern man has sort to come up with laws that accommodate all virtues, laying down procedures to handle different problems. There are limits within the society under which one can act in his own

Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking Essay - 1

Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking - Essay Example It is imperative for businesspeople to develop their negotiation skills. Investing in training and development lessons in negotiation for the marketing department workers is a very wise investment. The marketing department is directly responsible of generating sales for the company (Kotler, 2003). Sales are the engine that drives a company. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the negotiation process for a job offer with Joe Tech and Robust Routers. As a prospective employee for the company my first strategy during the initial talks of the negotiation is to establish how strong a candidate I am for the position based on my educational and work experience credentials. I would come prepare with the most recent HR data on compensation for professionals in my career. The data from a reputable source reveals that the $92,000 based salary is within the boundaries of what another professional with similar credentials receives. The overall benefits packaged on the table are very reasonable based on the industry standards. During the negotiation process I will ensure that I use good active listening. By becoming a better listener, you will improve your productivity, as well as your ability to influence, persuade and negotiate† (Mindtools., 2013). I must act confident through the entire negotiations and my mindset must be positive. There are several things and can help a person achieve a successful employment negotiation. The person applying for a job vacancy must dress in a professional manner preferably in a suit for the first interview with the human resource representative or manager of the company. A second important tip for a person in the job application process is to perform research on the firm by searching information from different sources including the corporate website of the company and its annual report. All public companies are mandated to file annual reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Within the content of the annual report are the financial statements of a company (Sec, 2013). Analyzing the financial performance of the company is a good topic to bring up during the conversations of the negotiation. The employer will realize that the candidate came prepared to the negotiation table which shows competence. There are different negotiation strategies that can be used to obtain a p ositive outcome that allows the parties to reach a deal. These strategies can provide outcomes that result in win-win or win-lose outcomes. â€Å"In a successful negotiation, it’s up to each side to paint a vision – based on that side’s mission and purpose – which the other side evaluates as being beneficial or not† (Camp, 2013). In the negotiation process I must persuade the other party to visualize my proposition as a win-win outcome or win for them and lose for me. I have to reflect to the employer my value as a professional and that by hiring me the firm will increase its human capital tremendously. A lot can be learned about the parties involved during the initial negotiation process. The character of the person, communication style, personality, and body language are things that influence the conversations of a negotiation. A good negotiator is able to persuade and convince others (Sfh, 2007). During the early part of the negotiation it becom es notable whether the person negotiating has good verbal communication skills. The ability to communicate well will affect the negotiation from the start until the closure of the event. Compromising the terms of the labor contract now in hopes of being able to negotiate better terms in the future is a risky strategy. The compensation that a company owes an employee is stipulated in the term of the employment contract. If an employee signs a contract with a verbal

House On Mango Street Book Report Essay Example for Free

House On Mango Street Book Report Essay At the beginning of the story, readers learn about a girl named Esperanza whose life has always been unstable and has always been moving from house to house constantly. Benumbed by all the hardships she’s had to deal with Esperanza longs to live in a beautiful house of her own. Children in Esperanza’s neighborhood never play with the opposite sex, and the only friend Esperanza has is her little sister, whom she is ashamed to be seen with. Discouraged and degraded, Esperanza goes through life labeling herself as being uglier than everyone else; the only way she can make a friend is by giving two girls called Rachel and Lucy, five dollars to buy a new bike. Esperanza likes the way her name sounds in Spanish, but dislikes her name in English, she is always ashamed to tell people her name. Frozen in a life of poverty, Esperanza befriends a girl called Marin, who dances under streetlights at night and dreams of a man to marry her and take her away to live in the barrio. Gullible foreigners who get lost and travel to Esperanza’s neighborhood always fear getting assaulted because of its appearance; only the inhabitants of the neighborhood know the truth about everyone who lives there. Hopelessly meek, Esperanza always allows people to run over her mentally and emotionally, she only says yes to all the negative comments said to her by Rachel, Lucy, and the Superior Sister at her school. Inspired by her own life a girl named Alicia whose mother has died, overloads herself studying, going to school, and taking the role of a mother for her siblings and father in order to escape the life of poverty that seems to be destined for all Latino families. Jumping and playing, the neighborhood kids all look at clouds to entertain themselves with, one kid even calls a cloud he sees God, Kinky and grown, the girls receive a pair of high heeled shoes that fit them all perfectly; these shoes cause the girls to be warned about trouble, and cause them to receive sexual comments about themselves. Later on in the story, Esperanza’s mother buys her a new dress but no new shoes, this causes Esperanza to not want anyone to see her, but she dances with her uncle and catches the attention of a young boy. Moved by her family, Esperanza gets a new job while lying about her age, she befriends a coworker and ends up kissing him. Now frightened, Esperanza learns that her grandfather has died and sees her father cry for the first time. Obliged to believe she’s going to hell, Esperanza makes fun of her aunt one day, then find out that she has died the next day. Prior to going home one day, Esperanza gets her fortune read and is told that she is filled with jealousy, sorrow, and cares solely about luxury. Quarreling with the police Marin meets a man at a club who is then hit in a car accident and dies at the hospital because no one was able to treat him. Receiving her first crush, Esperanza admires a neighborhood punk called Sire. Sealed to an unwanted life, a mother who has just moved in speaks no English and is condemned to isolation because she yearns to return to her home country. Tortured by her husband, a woman named Rafaela is locked in her own home and cannot leave because her husband fears she’ll leave him. Unusually beautiful, a girl named Sally is beaten by her father because he doesn’t want her to bring shame to his family by getting pregnant and running off with a boy, just like her sisters did. Violently betrayed, Esperanza is sexually assaulted when she is left alone by Sally at a carnival. Waken up, Esperanza realizes Sally willingly seeks men to escape her father, and never really cared about Esperanza the way Esperanza was faithfully loyal to her. Xenon colored heart, Esperanza blames her trauma on women because they never told her the truth about sexual intercourse. Y oung and still traumatized, Esperanza realizes that whether she likes it or not, Mango street is always going to be her home, and she learns about the true, horrid experience that women have to go through. Zoo like experiences change the narrator forever and she promises to always return to Mango Street and save those who couldn’t save themselves.

Conventional in situ construction

Conventional in situ construction 2.1 Introduction In architecture and building, in situ refers to construction which is carried out on the building site using raw materials. In-situ is most commonly a mixture of aggregate (known as builders mix) blended with portland cement and clean water, that is free of oils, acid and others. Portland cement is made from lime, silica, alumina and gypsum with the raw materials being readily available throughout the country. Aggregate meanwhile is most commonly sand, gravel and crushed stone and constitutes 60 to 75pc of the volume of most concretes. In-situ concrete is strong, durable, stable, readily available and relatively economic in terms of construction and life time maintenance. It is the ideal structural material, in building sites that have difficult access. Other qualities that make it an ideal construction medium include the ability to control of form and shape, the enclosure of space and structure in one material, its compatibilty with most other materials, the ability to form integral surface finishes and colour of its compatibilty with most other materials. In-situ concrete structure usually used in industrial and commercial service industry such as school,hospital and hotel.The basic form of in-situ concrete structure are columns, beams, walls and floor. Compare that withprefabricatedconstruction, in which building components are made in a factory and then transported to the building site for assembly unlike insitu method of construction. Conventional building method or in situ construction method, is also defined as components of the building that are made at site through the processes of timber or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement, and cast in situ. Conventional buildings are mostly built of reinforced concrete frames. The traditional construction method uses wooden formwork. It is much more costly for construction which includes labour, raw material,transportation and low speed of construction time. This system is suitable for a country where unskilled labour is limited. There is no heavy machinery or high technolog y involved compare to precast method. 2.2 Advantages of using in situ The objective of an in situ method is to eliminate and reduce the traditional site-based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce labour content. By using in situ method, alteration can be made at the last minute, design can be proceed as the structure is built and the rates of the production can be fast. 2.3 Disadvantages of using in situ However, conventional in-situ construction method also have their own disadvantages. It will lead to the higher amount of wastage compare to precast method. For example, in term of mixture of cement,sand and aggregates. It also require all activities involve high labour and plant on site. Besides,construction is also influenced by the weather and the reinforcement and formwork tend to be labour intensive.

St. Anselm of Canterbury Essay -- essays research papers

In the following I intend to prove that the ontological argument is in and of itself, insufficient in proving that God exists. There are a few problems with the argument that I will be discussing in detail in an attempt to illustrate exactly why ‘The Ontological Argument’ is unsatisfactory. The Definition of ‘Greater’ St. Anselm of Canterbury defined God as â€Å"that-than-which-a-greater-cannot-be-thought† (Bailey, 2002). The problem with this definition is that the term ‘greater’ is surely up for interpretation. The term ‘greater’ requires a comparison between itself and one or more things, which could pose a problem for Anselm’s argument; however Professor Thorp states that the only difference between these two things is that one exists in the mind, while the other exists in the mind and in reality. If we understand that a God that exists in the mind and in reality is greater than one that merely exists in the mind then we must understand that God exists. We need to examine this, however, much more closely to discover the problem with this statement; and I will do so using an example given to us by Professor Thorp. During the discussion of the Ontological argument, the professor asked us whether we would prefer ‘a real beer’ on a hot day, or ‘an imaginary beer’. The real one is preferable and it is greater than the imaginary one. But what type of beer was each person in the class imagining? There are multiple brands of beer available and it is quite possible that many people throughout the room were picturing a different beer. Which real beer was greater? This is not a question that I can answer because it lies in a matter of preference. We experience a similar problem when we think of ‘a real God’, and ‘an imaginary God’. Perhaps I perceive God in a specific way, and to me, he is a being â€Å"that-than-which-none-greater-can-be-thought† (Bailey, 2002). This proves that my perception of God exists for me, but what of everyone else’s perceptions of God? We must recognize a problem with this, in that everyone may perceive a ‘greater’ God in a very different way. We know that there are different perceptions of the ‘greater’ God because we have evidence of it in the various religions and the contrasting views of their God. With this in mind, all Anselm is able to prove with his argument is that every person’s individual perception of God does exist, but no on... ...comprehend or imagine Him. Because of this, God cannot be ‘thought’, he can merely be defined as infinite. Since we cannot comprehend God in our thought, he no longer exists in our minds as an entity, but merely as a definition. Thus, since he no longer exists in our minds, there is no obligation to understand that he must exist in reality; an implication made in Anselm’s argument.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anselm’s Ontological argument is insufficient in proving that God exists. For the reasons above and further objections from various philosophers, I do not believe that Anselm can argue the existence of God with his current premises as they stand. I must say that despite my objections to Anselm’s Ontological argument, I respect his work done, and the tremendous thought process that must have occurred to conjure up such a case as was presented. It is definitely much easier to prove a mortal wrong than it is to prove the existence of something so great and so unknown. Anselm’s Ontological argument while intriguing does have some problems in my opinion that take away from its validity; but needless to say it is in and of itself quite astounding.

Albert Einstein Essays -- Essay s Papers

Albert Einstein Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm Germany. He lived there with his parents, Herman and Pauline. After a year in Ulm, due to the failure of his father's electrical and engineering workshop, the Einstein family moved to Munich (the capital of Bavaria), where after a year in residence there, Einstein's mother had Maja, Einstein's sister. Despite the fact that he was Jewish, from age five until age ten, Einstein attended a Catholic School near his home. But, at age 10, Einstein was transferred to the "Luitpold Gymnasium," where Latin, Greek, History, and Geography were pounded into childrens' heads. His parents wanted him to finish school, get his diploma so he could go to a University, and then become an electrical engineer. But Einstein had other Ideas for his future. Einstein's father wanted him to attend a university but he could not because he did not have a diploma from the Gymnasium. But there was a solution to this problem over the Alps, in Zurich, there was The Swiss F ederal Institute of Technology which did not require a diploma to attend. The one thing it did require was the applicant to pass an entrance exam. But then yet another problem arose, most scholars were 18 when they entered the institute, and Einstein was only 16. Einstein took the risk, and in the autumn he was dispatched over the Alps. Einstein took the exam, but did not pass. The principal of the school was impressed with his abilities, so he was admitted to the cantontal scho... Albert Einstein Essays -- Essay s Papers Albert Einstein Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm Germany. He lived there with his parents, Herman and Pauline. After a year in Ulm, due to the failure of his father's electrical and engineering workshop, the Einstein family moved to Munich (the capital of Bavaria), where after a year in residence there, Einstein's mother had Maja, Einstein's sister. Despite the fact that he was Jewish, from age five until age ten, Einstein attended a Catholic School near his home. But, at age 10, Einstein was transferred to the "Luitpold Gymnasium," where Latin, Greek, History, and Geography were pounded into childrens' heads. His parents wanted him to finish school, get his diploma so he could go to a University, and then become an electrical engineer. But Einstein had other Ideas for his future. Einstein's father wanted him to attend a university but he could not because he did not have a diploma from the Gymnasium. But there was a solution to this problem over the Alps, in Zurich, there was The Swiss F ederal Institute of Technology which did not require a diploma to attend. The one thing it did require was the applicant to pass an entrance exam. But then yet another problem arose, most scholars were 18 when they entered the institute, and Einstein was only 16. Einstein took the risk, and in the autumn he was dispatched over the Alps. Einstein took the exam, but did not pass. The principal of the school was impressed with his abilities, so he was admitted to the cantontal scho...

Socialcultural Influences on Consumer Behavior

Sociocultural Influences on Consumer Behavior. Marketing Trey Hampton September 22, 2012 There are lots of influences that take place on what consumers buy, these influences are called sociocultural influences. Sociocultural influences â€Å"involve personal influence, reference groups, family influence, culture, and subculture. †(Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius 108) Out of these categories, personal influence seems to have the biggest influence of all on what people buy. â€Å"A consumer’s purchases are often influenced by the views, opinions, or behaviors of others. (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius 108) If it works for others, it will work for me is how this influence works. Two types of influences fall under personal influence, opinion leadership, and word of mouth. People seem to buy what they hear is good, rather than taking a shot in the dark and buying something they know nothing about, this is called word of mouth influence. Companies using celebrities to say their product works and is great is an example of opinion leadership. If someone famous uses it, it must be good! A company that uses personal influence to help sell their products is Gaspari Nutrition (www.Gasparinutrition. com). Gaspari nutrition uses big time champion bodybuilders, such as Flex Lewis, in their advertisement saying I use the product so the consumer believes that taking that product will surely give the same results. Also word of mouth plays a part on their success. At the gym they line the shelves with Gaspari products and the person selling them say â€Å"I take this every day, it gives real results. † However, it is common for people that not like their products and they will tell you how they wasted money on something that doesn’t work.All companies will have good and bad influences on their products, but if the product is good it shall overcome the bad and help the company succeed. Influence is everywhere for the good, or for the bad. People get influenced by seeing someone they idol using the product, or simply hearing how good it is by a friend. Influence has always been around and always will be. It’s a powerful thing that makes or breaks companies today. References: Kerin, Roger A. , Hartley, Steven W. , and Rudelius, William. (2011). Marketing The Core. (4th edition). New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin