Modern vs. Classical Music - 955 Words

Though the delight of listening to a brand new track on a compact disc with a big name artist has a similar emotional feel for modern day people, as it would have felt for people listening to a live symphony during the Classical era, the ability the artists, and those involved with them, have with the increase of new technology and business schemes has allowed their base of listeners to be on a global scale for millions, if not yet billions. During the late 17th century to early 19th century, the phenomenon that is the evolution of Liturgical Music had hit the Classical era; extremely skilled artists such as Mozart, Beethoven, Haydn and Schubert were producing masterpieces for the courts of the upper class. Because the culture that†¦show more content†¦The music medium has exploded into a worldwide cultural phenomenon, where ideas and thoughts of composition and sound can be exchanged with ease through radios, computers, concerts and Vinyl/CD/Tape/MP3, which leads to const antly evolving music, rather than the antiquated notion of music being a regional cultural experience. In terms of the artist in the modern music scene, the skill and dedication required is equally demanding if not more so to rise to the top in this competitive industry, though the reward is far greater in terms of fame, wealth and social status; all of which Mozart strived for but never was able to attain despite being perhaps one of the greatest musical talents the world has seen yet. Also with the expansion of audiences, infusions of genres and capabilities with technology, modern society has seen a trend in corporations fabricating bands, composing music for artists that fit with the cultural fads and electronically perfecting acoustics, all of which are ways for these companies to make quick profit. The downfall in this is the loss of appreciation of music by these corporations and eventually listeners, in terms of the emotion, talent and sacrifice that it takes away from th e real musicians trying to make a name for themselves and their careers, such as SchubertShow MoreRelatedClassical Vs. Modern Music1409 Words   |  6 PagesClassical vs. Modern Music Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria. He was born to an overbearing and ambitious father, Leopold, who was more than anxious to exploit his son s extraordinary musical gifts. Mozart began composing at an early age, and he began touring around the same time. Throughout his life, Mozart made many enemies, many his own fault, through his naive arrogance and harsh critique of his musical contemporaries. He worked feverishly, composingRead MoreClassical Music Vs. Modern Music1001 Words   |  5 Pagesexpression for European and American music, of the more serious kind, as opposed to popular folk music,† is the ‘Classical Music’ definition according to the New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (Houghton Mifflin Company). It appears that finding a common description for a musical phenomenon, that’s been around since the Medieval Period, is much easier said than done. I must admit that prior to taking this course, I fell victim t o assuming all classical music is dense and contained very little diversityRead MoreClassical vs. Modern Music Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesClassical vs. Modern Music Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria. He was born to an overbearing and ambitious father, Leopold, who was more than anxious to exploit his sons extraordinary musical gifts. Mozart began composing at an early age, and he began touring around the same time. Throughout his life, Mozart made many enemies, many his own fault, through his naive arrogance and harsh critique of his musical contemporaries. He worked feverishly, composingRead MoreThe Modern Perceptions of Classical Music Essay example553 Words   |  3 Pageshear the term â€Å"music† they are likely to respond with a fresh singer, band, or genre of â€Å"pop† music. Often times society places their opinion of classical music and popular music on completely different wavelengths of importance in the world. The modern perception of classical vs. popular music has led to a heavily decreasing audience for classical groups and performances, a desire for repetitive and simpl e melodies, and a negative stigma against classical music’s importance. When music began to becomeRead MoreFree Will vs Determinism in A Clockwork Orange, by Anthony Burgess1208 Words   |  5 Pagesaccordingly to one’s own nature, they should be able to express their free will. In turn, he uses this justification to senselessly beat a man up for simply not liking him. This could be supported by a quote from an article about the study of free will vs determinism, which states, â€Å"freedom to choose fits comfortably with the assumption that people deserve what they get† (Carey 133). Alex could agree that someone of his own violent nature deserves this moment, or that the man deserved the beating. HoweverRead MorePsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 Pagesunconscious parts of the mind, instead putting forward a new way to look at human behavior that is empirical (observed, quantified, and measured). Ivan Pavlov, for instance, was researching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors using conditioned responses. Pavlovs views intrigued American John Watson, who pushed the idea forward in up through the 1950s. Building on these theories, but amending the model with the effects of punishmentRead MoreEssay on Renaissance vs Neoclassicism1295 Words   |  6 PagesTrefren, D Renaissance VS Neoclassicism How could two periods such as the Neoclassicism and the Renaissance be so successful and be focused on very different things? Neoclassicism and the Renaissance are two major periods in the history of art during which different forms of art including architecture, painting, music and visual arts, significantly advanced. It was during these periods, different artists became very famous as a result of the masterpieces reflecting how the ideologies and artisticRead MoreWho Killed the Electric Car vs. A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash1298 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Who Killed the Electric Car vs. A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash Who Killed the Electric Car directed by Chris Paine and A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash directed by Basil Gelpke and Ray McCormack are similar documentary films in several aspects including their target audiences and viewpoints. Both documentaries choose to approach their messages differently concerning their use(s) of pathos, logos, and ethos. Who Killed the Electric Car relies much more on the use of pathos to relay its argumentRead MoreOklahoma Performing Arts, Inc. Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelop his or her character through classical arts training and community service programs and presentations. Please provide a brief overview of your organization (250 words). Oklahoma Performing Arts, Inc. (OPA) began its nonprofit roots in 1996. OPA has the unique setting of being a place for all. We provide a positive space for organizations to meet, to create and to share their mission with the Tulsa community. OPA also offers Dance, Voice, Acting, Music and Yoga training for all ages, alongRead MoreGreek Gods and Goddess875 Words   |  4 PagesThe Greek Gods: Ancient vs. Modern Views According to ancient Greek mythology the Greek gods and goddesses had at one time lived the savage, brutal and ugly life of humans. Eventually, however, they managed to rise above this ancient fierceness to become the nineteen elder gods and goddesses the Greeks knew as The Titans, who ruled the earth in a primordial era before the Olympian gods overthrew them. The ancient Greeks of the first millennium before the Christian era believed

Disaster of Bangladesh Free Essays

This article is about the distressing incident which took place in Bangladesh where 228 people died in the fall down of eight storey’s Rana Plaza. Rana Plaza had shops, offices and factories crowded with many people. But due to its substandard construction building got collapsed and fell down killing many people. We will write a custom essay sample on Disaster of Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now While many of them got trapped and seriously wounded and the Bangladeshi government confirmed a day of national grief. Rana Plaza contained four garment factories which were supplying economical garments to global retailers like Primark and Bonmarchà © with their western customer base. Even it was announced that the building is no safer for work and needs to be evacuated on immediate basis but New Wave workers were forced to work in order to fulfill the orders of Primark and Bonmarchà ©. Initially both British companies accepted that New Wave was among their suppliers and committed to offer the possible support but later on refused to take any kind of responsibility in this regard. In the opinion of retail consultants and other professionals both of the companies are responsible to inspect and monitor the minimum working standards and overall conditions in which their designs and products are being produced as they are earning revenues by selling the same products. The cheap labour and workers who are working in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, SriLanka etc have the similar rights as of western workers and they should be equally acknowledged for their profession and work. Most of the big retailers like Primark, Bonmarchà © are outsourcing their products from under developed countries and their customers are getting benefits too of buying low priced items. The Government of Bangladesh and all under developed countries have to implement strict standards for construction of factories, industrial and commercial buildings in order to avoid such disasters. On the other hand the Governments of big retailers have to impose certain statutory regulations which will protect their manufacturers/suppliers in countries like Bangladesh. Lastly consumers have to play their role by using the purchasing power to force big retailers to follow a book of rule. I would like to add similar incidents which happened in the factories, commercial and residential buildings of Pakistan. Garment factories in the Pakistani cities of Karachi and Lahore caught fire on 11 September 2012. The fires occurred in a textile factory in the western part of Karachi and in a shoemaking factory in Lahore. The fires are considered to be the most deadly and worst industrial factory fires in Pakistan’s history, killing 257 people and seriously injuring more than 600. The garment factory â€Å"Ali Enterprises†, which is located in Plot 67, Hub Road, Baldia Town, Karachi, used to export its garments to Europe and the United, and had employed between 1,200 and 1,500 workers. Ali Enterprises manufactured denim, knitted garments, and hosiery, and had capital of between $10 million and $50 million. Workers at Ali Enterprises said they earned between 5,000 and 10,000 rupees ($52 to $104) a month for their labour. Margalla Towers Islamabad, Pakistan got collapsed in year 2005. All of these incidents usually take place in developing countries due to the negligence of building owners, lack of construction standards, corruption and lack of governance. Conclusion: The only solution is to build and construct the industrial factories by following international construction standards in order to avoid such disasters. And international retailers should be very careful in selecting their production partners in order to have smooth supply chain function. The most sensible conclusion is to accept that responsibility is shared between companies and consumers. Put simply, all of us have a duty. â€Å"If we want to wear cheap clothes, which are made by people who work in these conditions, then there’s a moral responsibility for us as well as for the brands,† says Ms Lissaman. How to cite Disaster of Bangladesh, Papers

Crab Study Essay Example For Students

Crab Study Essay Since its itroduction to the New Jersey shore in 1988, the western Pacific shorecrab Hemigrapsus sanguineus has spread to inhabit rocky intertidal locationsalong the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina (McDermott 1998). Many reasons have been proposed to explain the rapid spread of this non-indiginousspecies. For example, it has been shown that H. sanguineus has longer spawningperiods along the mid-Atlantic coast than it does in its natural habitat in thewestern Pacific Ocean, due to a more favorable climate (Epifanio et al 1998). For this reason, these crabs are able to spawn more times per season thanindigenous crabs, providing one possible hypothesis for their populationexplotion. For this species to expand its range along the Atlantic coast, itwill need to have wide tolerances to temperature and salinity. In 1998 Epifaniofound that The purpose of this study is to show the tolerance and behavioralresponses of H. sanguineus to varying water and air temperatures, and watersalinity concentrations. It is believed that these crabs will be very tolerantto the various extreme conditions that they will be put through. It is theability of these crabs to survive in these unfavorable situations that is key totheir success. This experiment was also designed to prove the hypothesis thatthe tolerance of H. sanguineus to various environmental factors increases withsize. METHODS AND MATERIALS- In February 2000, a field trip was taken to CraneNeck Point to collect live specimens for the experiment. The field trip wasconduct ed at low tide. The water temperature was approximately 3 degrees Celcius,with the air temperature slightly above freezing (0-1 degree Celcius). Livecrabs were obtained by overturning rocks in the intertidal zone. Hemigrapsussanguineus was found at all levels of the intertidal zone, although theirnumbers increased as one moved toward the waterline. The crabs were collectedwith no distinction toward size. The sizes of the specimens collected were foundto range from 0.5 to 4.2 cm. The crabs were collected in a plastic five gallonbucket. Water was added to the bucket to keep the crabs from dehydrating. Thecrabs were taken back to the lab, where they were kept in the plastic fivegallon buckets for a few weeks until the experiment began. Air hoses were addedto the buckets in order to oxygenate the water. The water was changed, asnecessary. The first experiment conducted was the experiment regarding watertemperature and salinity tolerances. The objective was to conduct an experimentthat w ould provide measurable data on the tolerance of H. sanguineus in variouswater salinities, over a range of temperatures. To conduct this experiment, 8one gallon acrylic tanks were obtained. Four were used for the cold temperatureexperiment, and four were used for the room temperature experiment. Next, waterof varying salinities were produced. We started with seawater that had asalinity of 30 parts per thousand. To obtain water with a salinity of 15 partsper thousand, the sea water was slowly diluted by adding tap water. The waterwas added slowly, and frequently checked with a salinity refractometer until thedesired salinity of 15 parts per thousand was obtained. The water was furtherdiluted, using the method above, to obtain the 5 parts per thousand water. Toobtain the water with a salinity of 40 parts per thousand, the 30 parts perthousand sea water was again used, but this time was left uncovered as to allowfor water evaporation. After several days, and frequent testing with thesa linity refractometer, the water had a salinity of 40 parts per thousand. Thecontainers of water were covered with plastic wrap, as to prevent evaporation,and keep the salinities constant. In additional a layer of mesh was used tocover the top of each container, to prevent the crabs from escaping (Figure 1). Four of the containers were left to stand at 25 degrees Celcius, while theremaining four were placed in the deli case at a temperature of 5 degreesCelcius. An air hose was added to each of the containers, in order to oxygenatethe water. Ten crabs, of a varying range of sizes, were added to each container. The crabs, once again, ranged in size from 0.5 4.2 cm. In the first trial 15fish food pellets were added to each container in order to provide the crabswith food, and hopefully reduce cannibalism. This was repeated a second an thirdtime for both the 25 degree Celcius and 5 degree Celcius experiments, with theabsence of fish food pellets. The next experiment that was conducted was theair/water temperature experiment. The objective was to conduct an experimentthat would provide measurable data on the preference of submergence of H. sanguineus when air and water temperatures differ. The experiment was alsodesigned to determine the preference and tolerance of the crabs, as a functionof size. To conduct this experiment, a five gallon styrofoam box was used forthe warm air experiments (Figure 2). The bottom of the container was coveredwith rocks. A one gallon acrylic container was placed in the center of the fivegallon container. A plastic mesh was draped over the sides of the one galloncontainer. The one gallon container was filled with sea water having a salinityof 30 parts per thousand. Surgical tubing was coiled and placed at the base ofthe five gallon styrofoam container. The tubing was connected to a refrigeratedbath/circulator that was actually used to heat the air in the container to atemperature of 26 degrees Celcius. Surgical tubing was again coiled, but thistime placed in the water. The tubing was connected to a water pump in a fivegallon bucket of 25 degree Celcius water. Five large and five small crabs ranging in size from 0.5-4.2 cm. were added to the water of the one gallonacrylic tank. Five large and five small crabs were also added to the styrofoamcontainer. A five gallon acrylic container was obtained for the cold air/warmwater experiment (Figure 3). The base was covered with rocks. A one gallonacrylic container was placed in the center of the five gallon container. Thecontainer was once again draped with plastic mesh. The entire five galloncontainer was placed in the deli case with a temperature of 6 degrees Celcius. James and Philosophical Psych Essaysanguineus actually showed a higher rate of survival than the adults, underidentical experimental conditions. The juveniles had a suvival rate of 61.42%while the adults had a survival rate of only 37.5% (Figure 6). This may be aresult of the experimental design favoring the smaller crabs. In the small onegallon tanks, the small crabs had more room to move, relative to size. The smallcrabs could also hide under the rocks and climb the mesh more easily than thelarge crabs, which gave the smaller crabs greater freedom of movement. Theseresults support the above hypothesis. The high survival rates of the juvenilecrabs was consistent with the experiments conducted regarding tolerance of H. sanguineus larvae in a range of temperature/salinity combinations. In which, thezoeal larvae showed an increased capacity to survive in water temperatures below25 degrees Celcius and water salinity below 20 parts per thousand, relative tomegalopa (Epifanio et al 1998). One unforseen problem that was encountered inthe first trial of this experiment was the relentless ability of the crabs toescape from their tanks. The number of crabs missing was the same for the adultand juvenile crab experiments. Being that the number of crabs missing was smalland consistent by size, the missing crabs did not effect the outcome of thiscomparison. To correct this problem in later trials, a layer of mesh was drapedover the top of the tank and then secured with a rubber band (Figure 1). Aproblem also arose in the cold air/warm water experiment when the heatingelement failed to turn itself off and heated the water to temperatures exceeding40 degrees Celcius. Due to this equiptment error, alternate materi als were used. Surgical tubing was coiled and then placed in the water, then a pump wasattached to the tubing and placed in a five gallon bucket ; room temperturewater was pumped through tubing thus heating the cooler water contained withinthe tank. To obtain more accurate results, the experiment above would need to bereplicated a number of times to assure consitency. The number of crabs usedwould also need to be increased in number for the same reason. The size of thecontainers used would also need to be increased, as to prevent problems withwater pollution. Larger containers would also create a more natural environment,and remove some volitility over the competition that arises in a one gallonspace. In addition, the experiments above could be repeated in conditions wherethe crabs are fed periodically. This would indicate if the lack of food in theabove experiments in any way effected the behavior patterns and the ability ofH. sanguineus to survive in extreme environmental conditions. To obtain mo reconclusive results, the experiment above should be reproduced using a variety ofspecies that are indiginous to the Atlantic coast of the United States. Thesurvival rate of those species should then be plotted against the survival rateof H. sanguineus to determine if any have a selective advantage over oneanother, in terms of durability to extreme conditions. This experiment couldpresent more evidence to further prove that tolerance to temperature andsalinity variations is an important factor in the spread of H. sanguineus alongthe Atlantic Coast of the United States.

Parity/Non-parity Check Essays - Error Detection And Correction

Parity/Non-parity Check Early transmission codes had a serious problem in that a bit could be lost or gained in transmission because of an electrical or mechanical failure/ If the loss went undetected, the character received on the other end of the lime was incorrect. To Prevent this from happening, a parity check system was developed. Each character is represented by a byte consisting of a combination of intelligence bits (seven bits in ASCII and eight bits in EBCDIC) and an additional bit called a check or parity bit. Even parity codes place a check bit with each byte that contains an uneven number of 1 bits. (Remember that a bit is either 1 or o). Because the check bit is transmitted only with characters composed of an uneven number of 1 bits,all characters transmitted will have n even number of 1 bits. The check bit is transmitted to and from the computer along with character code. If a bit is lost (or added) in transmission, the system will detect its loss. An uneven number of 1 bits received in a code string composed of even bits will signal an error. Odd Parity codes add a check bit to code combinations that have an even number of 1 bits. Thus,all characters transmitted have an odd number of bits. Odd and even parity care similar in nature. They are both designed to signal an error in the even that data are lost or added.

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buy custom Well Control Practices essay a) Good well planning practices benefit the organization in many ways. First, it is an excellent way of organizing the personnel and contractors in the event of a major control problem. If necessary, effective training is also specified in the control plan .The personnel are trained to be prepared for any emergency at any time. In addition, time and money are saved in the event of control problems. Poor planning is the major cause of well kicks. Mud and casing programs play a major role in well control, and failure to plan for them effectively may result in kicks and consequently cause adverse effects. In addition to specifying personnel and their responsibilities, well control planning practices specify the materials, equipment and services to apply and time of their application. The control plan describes methods to be used for handling gas and oil kicks in high pressure. Planning is also essential in the provision of an additional casing string in the case of a kick. b) The company control policy help in determining safety factors, such as burst, compression, tension and collapse considerations that are necessary for both the safety plan and well control practices. The policy also defines the tools to be used by the responsible personnel for each and every service. It defines the kind of action to be taken in the event of a kick (e.g. closing the well) to ensure safety. For instance, whether or not to use seamed pipes is a decision that is derived from the companys policy. Personnel responsibility is essential for controlling the well, since everyone is answerable for an activity and emergency events. If the company's policy dictates that, a manager with no direct responsibility is expected to act on his own initiative. The policy will also dictate the presence, quality and maintenance of BOP. In addition, it governs the criteria for identifying potential problems, which is essential for the minimization of damage. It also provides directions on the active mud system monitoring, such as flow check, mud loss avoidance and actions on occurrences, closure of watertight intensities, and evacuation plan in case of emergency, which are important elements of well control. The policies underscore potential dangers of a blowout in the event of its occurrence. Proper policy is needed to avoid well control problems, as they lead to gas dissolving in the mud system. c) The downhole stress is a major concern during the killing operations. It is essential in the prevention of the occurrences of ta downhole fracture. The knowledge of a downhole fracture helps optimize the trajectory. Neglecting the effects of downhole stress in killing may lead to swab and surge effects that are costly and time consuming. The swab effects lead to significant losses of mud and well control in the long and short term d) Well killing methods include oil and gas well control. They are applied immediately after the well has been shut in on a kick. Generally, the killing procedures work under the principle of circulating any form of fluid in a wellbore during a kick, as well as a reasonable Kill Mud Weight (KMW) without letting more fluid in. Well killing procedures are discussed in detail in the next paragraphs. The wait and weight control method, also known as the balanced method, is the most common method applied in killing procedures. It is applied for controlling an influx taken while drilling or circulating on the bottom, i.e. when the casing shoe is set deep in the well. It is advantageous over the other methods due to being faster and imposing lower pressure and less wear . The drillers method is another common method used when the string volume is greater than the open hole volume, thus leading to the influx being inside the casing before heavy mud reaches the open hole. This method immediately removes the dangers of gas expansion, while weighing the mud can take several hours. It involves circulating the influx out and then dislocating the well to kill mud density and balance the shut in the drill pipe pressure. The circular and weight method, also known as the concurrent method, is applied for killing well pressure when circulation is initiated instantaneously, and mud weight is brought up in steps, or augmentations, normally a point at a time. Used for the first circulation, it is the most complicated and unpredictable method lasting for three hours. It imposes high pressure on annulus, and there is no guarantee of the consistency of mixed mud weight. The low choke method involves the opening of the choke, holding casing pressure at MACP, and starting pump at a drilling rate, while adding barite at plus or minus sacks of barite per minute. It is applied when shut-in casing pressure is near the MACP on the preliminary shut-in, or rather when shut-in casing pressure is going to surpass the posted MACP and gas at the surface. The volumetric method is deployed when regular kill procedures are impossible from the bottom of the hole. This could be a result of a drill string being out of the hole and meaningless string pressure. Or if an effective kill circulation method is impossible due to a drill string being washed out or twisted off, or its nozzles plugged. The lubricate and bleed method is applied when gas is at the surface after using the volumetric method. Mud is pumped into the void space in the wellbore occupied by the gas to displace it. The reverse circulation, bullheading and dynamic killing method is another killing method. The reverse circulation method is used for workovers not used for drilling. It has the advantage of applying lower casing pressure and smaller cumulative pit gains, as well as being faster compared with convectional killing methods. The bullheading method is used during workovers and completion operations. e) The fluid flowing from the well caused by a kick is controlled by using blowout preventers. There are various types of BOP stacks, eg. multiple blowout preventers. Understanding which well control actions and methods to employ determines the type of equipment to be used. Selecting appopriate equipment is essential in well control. It is also important to take into consideration such factors as maximum anticipated surface pressure, connection and operating lines, and well depth. Selecting wrong equipment could lead to leakages, high costs, and loss of life, caused by neglect of health, safety and environmental issues. The costs issue will often arise from either replacing misused equipment or overusing tools for rarely performed tasks. The latter will lead to disparities in the operations and could cause even more damage to the well. The selection of the equipment to use should not be done in haste. Appropriate analysis and designs are to be made, and if possible, prototypical simulations are to be carried out to figure out what the results could be. Well control problems may lead to adverse effects, and therefore, appropriate equipment should be used to prevent such emergencies as kicks. Failures lead to unexpected formation of fluids or gas rigs. However, equipment can be damaged due to neglect of such factors as corrosiveness and strength In addition to the above inconveniences, failure to select the right equipment may lead to low production. and eventually lead to the closure of the company. The equipment should, therefore, include kick monitoring, drilling and other well control tools. f) Accumulator performance tests are done on the surface after installation of the BOP. The tests check for the vulnerability of the BOP stack, as well as compliance of the accumulator with the requirements of closing all the BOP stacks and opening hydraulic valves. Therefore, the checks are needed to ensure efficiency of the blow-out prevention technique and operation of the BOP at the correct pressures. The HSE considerations As companies and organizations tend to embark on high production practices, there is a need to focus on the health, safety and environmental issues as well. Emergencies that occur in the wells include fires, destruction of marine and animal life, workers' injury and death, and environmental degradation. These could be due to poor management of staff, facilities and other manageable HSE issues. Every staff member and residents of the surrounding wells should be informed of the HSE issues to prevent their occurrence. The HSE considerations in the oil and gas well sites will be discussed in detail in the next paragraphs. Health considerations have a primary importance in well control practices. Personal protective equipment can only protect against eventualities but can never prevent an accident from taking place. However, it can help one escape with minor injuries, and this explains its importance. Managers, therefore, have the responsibility of letting the staff know which protective equipment to use and making the equipment accessible at all the times. Managers should also give directions on what to do when accidents occur. There should be a plan that defines each accident and appropriate actions. Priority should also be given to safety. This mostly applies to cases involving accidents that have already occurred or accidents about to occur. The management should provide fire training programs to equip the staff with appropriate techniques to be used in the event of fire. The fire prevention instructions should be well-understood by individuals. Appropriate warnings and safety signs showing escape routes and actions to be taken should be placed in poorly lit areas. International standards on the use of color in messages may be necessary for designing visual aids. There is also a need to ensure safety during spillages and gas emissions. It is worth pointing out that gas emissions are as dangerous as fires. There should be protection personnel to inform the staff and help with protection practices, such as fire fighting, handling oil spillages and gas rigs. Lastly, consideration should be given to the environmental issues, such as the effects of well operations on the surrounding atmosphere, water and soil. Other matters of concern include wasteful materials, chemicals, energy and transport. As far as wasteful materials are concerned, there should be a given amount of disposable waste. This means that reusable materials should be recycled. Wasteful materials should be dumped on the allocated sites and appropriate actions taken regarding safeguarding the dump sites to avoid detrimental effects on the environment. Oil spillages and gas emissions can cause suffocation and fires and result in the deaths of animals, plants, marine and human life. The HSE provides that the chemicals used in the productive activities are to pose minimal danger to the environment. The companies should be able to account for every emission resulting from production activities and use of raw materials. To deal effectively with such matters, most companies have HSE staff which is responsible for policy implementation and enforcement. Energy issues concern both production emissions and energy generating technologies. Appropriate technologies should be deployed to avoid misuse of environmental factors. The method used should also have a minimum effect on the environment. Energy-saving policies, such as dim light on a bright day and when premises are empty, should also be put in place. Transport issues involve the movement of products, staff, and raw materials to their destinations. The transport used should avoid overloading and spilling, which may cause asphyxia, or even fires. Faulty vehicles and transport systems, including pipelines,, should be diagnosed and maintained appropriately. Question No. Two a) Equipment Properties Drilling Jar This is an effective tool for releasing a stuck drill pipe. It derives its energy from the applied forced by either tension or compression. This energy is stored in the drill string into which the drilling jar swiftly releases the energy when tripped. The maain features of the jar include hydrostatical balance; hence it is not affected by hydrostatic pressure and is fully sealed for a long service life. It also maximizes at the bottom time, thus there is no wait time for the jar to bleed when applying pressure. It is not affected by torque and may be used in high friction or directional holes, a feature known as linear latch. Fewer body connections reduce potential connection failures. The jar has a safety nut to minimize potential finishing jobs by preventing parts from being left in the hole in case of accidental breaks. The backup jarring feature enables the tool to continue functioning in the event of a hydraulic delay. Finally, the separate spline, latch and hydraulic chambers p revent contamination of fluid in the hydraulic chamber. In addition to these features, the jar is less restricted to placement in the BHA, and the hydraulic delay timing remains relatively constant, even after prolonged jarring. Reamers A reamer is a multi-fluted tool. Its cutting action takes place only on the conical flutes at the front of the reamer. Made of high-speed steel for optimum strength, a reamer has a simple design. Its flutes cut a raw material in a hole to be reamed, and their cutting edge and face are similar to most cutting tools. Because a reamer requires no safety clamps, it can be used in elevated temperatures. There is a starting taper for guiding a reamer; and the flutes design allows it to maintain continuous cutting action even during more difficult jobs. Stabilizers Stabilizers are designed to stabilize the drilling string. Their features include a one-piece mandrel design, which is simple and strong; long fishing and bottom neck to provide plenty of tong space and room for rectus; 17 1/2 and smaller sleeves; annular flow area is maximized to guarantee adequate circulation; they are hard-faced with crushed tungsten carbide. This feature is purposed to minimize wearing and keep rebuild costs down. The integral blades are used to centralize the bottom hole assembly during drilling operations. They prevent the differential sticking of the drill string by stabilizing the BHA and keeping drill collars and drill pipes away from the borehole wall. This action reduces vibration, drill pipe whirl and wellbore tortuousity. The Shock Sub The shock sub is the most useful tool when drilling broken formations, hard rock and/or hard and soft streaks. It is designed for maximum protection, reliability and durability. There are two kinds of shock subs, namely the mechanical and hydraulic. Shock subs help prolong drill string life and reduce its fatigue through elimination of drill bounce. Their main features include optimized spring rate and better absorption over dynamic range. They also reduce bit bounce and prolong bit life, ensure improved penetration rates, and help achieve neutral effect on the BHA directional attitude. Shock subs reduce premature failures of bottom-hole assembly that result from shock and vibration loads. They also ensure that smooth drilling force is delivered to the drill even in the most inconvenient conditions. Vibration Dampeners Vibration dampeners work by converting kinetic energy of the moving parts into thermal energy, thereby reducing hard stops and large oscillation amplitudes. They are able to symmetrically distribute force in both tension and compression directions. Such models ensure dampening even if the movements are reversed. The integration piston forces the tension and compression directions and can be set independently from each other. Therefore, the construction elements can be installed in any orientation depending on the type. All the above make vibration dampeners perform their primary function of absorbing string vibration. b) Basic Components of the Coiled Tubing Used in Underbalanced Drilling The use of the coiled tubing in underbalanced drilling ensures limited lost circulation, air drilling in competent crystalline rocks, depleted reservoirs and impairment prevention during drilling. The components of the coiled tubing will be discussed in detail in the next paragraphs. The coiled tubing string transmits drilling fluids and torque to the drill bit and enables other well interventions. The Coiled Tubing (CT) injector head provides the power and traction required for running and retrieving the CT string into and out of the wellbore. The CT reel has the principal function of safely storing and protecting the CT string. This helps avoid excessive damage to the string through bending or any other mechanical damage. It includes swivel assembly that permits fluid to be pumped through the tubing string, as the reel drum rotates. The CT power pack provides hydraulic power to operate the CT unit, as well as primary and secondary pressure systems. Moreover, it includes an accumulator facility to tolerate limited operations of pressure control apparatus caused by engine shutdown. The check valves are attached to the CT connector at the end of the CT string. Their role is to prevent the flow of wellbore fluids into the CT. The CT cleanouts are used to clean debris and/or other forms of boreholes. This is mostly done with a wash nozzle, a connector, and a double check valve. The existence of the chock line and kill line in the CT ensures that killing can be done. The hydraulic-controlled remote valve on the chock line is essential for well control. It is shut when a kick is encountered. The CT connector allows for the connection of the bottom hole assembly to the end of the CT. It also helps transfer torque and tensile to the bottom hole assembly. The goose neck is used as a medium for high-pressure drilling fluid s. In addition to the above, the crane and substructure are needed for lifting, moving and placing of other equipment. They also provide stability to the wellhead. The annulus in the CT also stops the excess drilling from accumulating in the annulus cuts, thus preventing the possibility of pipe sticking. Buy custom Well Control Practices essay

Origins and Schools of Abstract Art

Origins and Schools of Abstract Art Abstract art (sometimes called nonobjective art) is a painting or sculpture  that does not depict a person, place, or thing in the natural world. With abstract art, the subject of the work is what you see: color, shapes, brushstrokes, size, scale, and, in some cases, the process itself, as in  action painting.   Abstract artists strive to be non-objective and non-representational, allowing the viewer to interpret each artworks meaning in their own way. Thus, abstract art is not an exaggerated or distorted view of the world such as we see in the Cubist paintings of Paul Cà ©zanne  and  Pablo Picasso, for they present a type of conceptual realism. Instead, form and color become the focus and the subject of the piece. While some people may argue that abstract art does not require the technical skills of representational art, others would beg to differ. It has, indeed, become one of the major debates in modern art. Of all the arts,  abstract painting  is the most difficult. It demands that you know how to draw well, that you have a heightened sensitivity for composition and for colors, and that you be a true poet. This last is essential.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œWassily Kandinsky. The Origins of Abstract Art Art historians typically identify the early 20th century as an important historical moment in the history of  abstract art. During this time, artists worked to create what they defined  as pure art: creative works that were not grounded in visual perceptions, but in the imagination of the artist. Influential works from this time period include Picture with a Circle (1911) by the Russian artist  Wassily Kandinsky  and Francis Picabias Caoutchouc  (1909). The roots of abstract art, however, can be traced back much further. Earlier artistic movements such as the 19th centurys  Impressionism and Expressionism were experimenting with the idea that painting can capture emotion and subjectivity. It need not simply focus on seemingly objective visual perceptions. Going back even further, many ancient rock paintings, textile patterns, and pottery designs captured a symbolic reality rather than attempting to present objects as we see them. Early Influential Abstract Artists Kandinsky (1866–1944) is often noted as one of the most influential abstract artists. A view of how his style developed over the years  is a fascinating look at the movement as he progressed from  representational to pure abstract art. He was also adept at explaining how an abstract artist may use color to give a seemingly meaningless work purpose. Kandinsky believed that colors provoke emotions. Red was lively and confident; green was peaceful with inner strength; blue was deep and supernatural; yellow could be warm, exciting, disturbing or totally bonkers; and white seemed silent but full of possibilities. He also assigned instrument tones to go with each color. Red sounded like a trumpet; green sounded like a middle-position violin; light blue sounded like a flute; dark blue sounded like a cello, yellow sounded like a fanfare of trumpets; white sounded like the pause in a harmonious melody. These analogies to sounds came from Kandinskys appreciation for music, especially the works of the contemporary Viennese composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951). Kandinskys titles often refer to the colors in the composition or to music, for example, Improvisation 28 and Composition II.   The French artist Robert Delaunay (1885–1941) belonged to Kandinskys Blue Rider (Die Blaue Reiter) group. With his wife, Russian-born Sonia Delaunay-Turk (1885–1979), they both gravitated toward abstraction in their own movement, Orphism or Orphic Cubism. Examples of Abstract Art and Artists Today, abstract art is often an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of styles and art movements. Included among these are  nonrepresentational art, nonobjective art, abstract expressionism, art informel  (a form of gestural art), and even some op art (optical art, referring to art that makes use of optical illusions). Abstract art may be gestural, geometric, fluid, or figurative (implying things that are not visual such as emotion, sound, or spirituality). While we tend to associate abstract art with painting and sculpture, it can apply to any visual medium, including  assemblage  and photography. Yet, it is the painters that get the most attention in this movement. There are many notable artists who represent the various approaches one may take to abstract art and they have had considerable influence on modern art. Carlo Carr  (1881–1966) was an Italian painter best known for his work in Futurism, a form of abstract art which emphasized the energy and fast-changing technology of the early 20th century. Over his career, he worked in Cubism as well and many of his paintings were abstractions of reality. However, his manifesto, Painting of Sounds, Noises and Smells  (1913) influenced many abstract artists. It explains his fascination with synaesthesia, a sensory crossover in which, for example, one smells a color, which is at the heart of many abstract artworks.Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916) was another Italian Futurist who focused on geometric forms and was heavily influenced by Cubism. His work often depicts physical motion as is seen in  States of Mind (1911). This series of three paintings capture the motion and emotion of a train station rather than the physical depiction of passengers and trains.Kazimir Malevich (1878–1935) was a Russian painter whom many describe as a pioneer of geometric abstract art. One of his best-known works is  Black Square (1915). It is simplistic but absolutely fascinating to art historians because, as an analysis from the Tate mentions, It is the first time someone made a painting that wasnt of something.   Jackson Pollock (1912–1956), an American painter, is often given as the ideal representation of Abstract Expressionism, or action painting. His work is more than drips and splashes of paint on canvas, but fully gestural and rhythmic and often employed very non-traditional techniques. For instance, Full Fathom Five  (1947)  is an oil on canvas created, in part, with tacks, coins, cigarettes, and much more. Some of his work, such as There Were Seven in Eight (1945) are huge, stretching over eight feet in width.Mark Rothko (1903–1970) took the geometric abstracts of Malevich to a new level of modernism with color-field painting. This American painter rose in the 1940s and simplified color into a subject all on its own, redefining abstract art for the next generation. His paintings, such as  Four Darks in Red  (1958) and Orange, Red, and Yellow (1961), are as notable for their style as they are for their large size.

Banned Condom Ads Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Banned Condom Ads - Coursework Example Though this advert is obviously humorous, the interested parties banned it from the television for the obvious, serious message it is passing across (ZaZoo condoms). The message the commercial seems to be wear condoms to prevent these kinds of tantrums. The message also seems to be advising parents to wear condoms if they do not want these kinds of kids (Allyn & Westheimer, & Lopater, 2002). It is likely that the commercial was banned for this message. Instead of the ad passing the right message, for example, condoms are ways of preventing unnecessary pregnancies and STDs, the commercial seems to be threatening customers to buy their products or end up like this frustrated parent (Banned commercials). The other commercial in question is the one by Durex, which has a mass of sperms following their owner as he goes to talk to his girl. Her boyfriend’s sperms, which have been personified, rush the girl and a giant condom later rescues her (Banned commercials- Durex). The message the commercial seems to be passing is that the Durex condom can eat up sperm/ men and prevent pregnancy (Miracle, Miracle & Baumeister, 2003). The commercial is obviously funny and does not use explicit message or pictures, and that is the reason that leads one to wonder why it was banned. It is possible that the commercial was banned for its utilization of man/ sperm eating condom, and the utilization of man- looking sperm (Andersen,

Principles & Strategies of Translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles & Strategies of Translation - Essay Example Guy Cook has the view that, â€Å"Advertising in the era of color magazines, television and internet is a new phenomenon, both in nature, quality and effect† (Cook 2001). However, the advertising that is known as the contemporary is not too old. The literary discourse is sometimes referred as the study which deals with the reading and its effects with respect to the tradition. The discourse is part of society that can be hugely impacted by the cultural regards. Persons split the discourse in element. In this way, the different elements can be distinguished. It is purely unfavorable for the advertisement to consider an advertisement just a piece of text; it is more than a piece of text, an intersemiotic angle to view an advertisement is better way to understand an advertisement rather than just employing the semiotic angle. Semiotics deal with the development, utilization and drawing meanings for the signs (Stecconi in Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies, 2008:260), which has a great influence on the linguistics and it a subgroup of linguistics. If a person has a view of an advertisement, he views the signs that could be a text, a picture, a rhyme, a gesture or a color or colors, he make the symbolizes of the act to be in a sense that his mind can understand. The sign may convert to another sign that could be related to another piece of novel, picture, painting, etc. In this way, the advertisements are the multimodal texts, while, the other genres of texts have a lower level of multimodality as compared to the advertisements. The intellectuals begin taking interest in studying the advertisements and view the study as the translational study, as the linguistics is dominated by previously by strong writing styles, the advertisements changed the way scholars think about that (Torresi 2008). However, ‘Snell and Crampton† have the view that, â€Å"translation has little to do with this fascinating

The map of Peacocks location Essay Example for Free

The map of Peacocks location Essay Peacocks is located in Peckham Rye lane next to rye lane market where Top Girl hairdressers salon is located.  Stakeholders who are directly affected by the activities of Peacocks  Stakeholders  These are individuals or groups of people who have an interest in what the Peacocks does and either are affected by what Peacocks does or affect Peacocks by what they do. Shareholders  These are individuals or organisations to whom the businesses belong. These are most likely to be affected by the level of profits that the Peacocks makes, but they will also be affected by how much the business is worth. They contribute to the survival of Peacocks.  Employees  An employee is any individual who has a contract of employment to work for Peacocks. Employees are key stakeholders in Peacocks. They depend for their livelihoods on the incomes they earn from work and also upon the prospects available to them for career progression. Peacocks is among the majority of successful firms because it recognises the importance of its staff, and it spends a great deal of time and effort in training and developing its workforce and improving its working conditions so that its employees are happy and motivated at work. Customers  This is any individual or organisation that receives the products of Peacocks.  Suppliers  This is the business that provides Peacocks with the goods or services that it needs for its production. They might run out of goods and if they do, the business may lose sales.  If Peacocks goes bust, the suppliers lose customers. providers of finance  These are individuals or organisations that provide Peacocks with money which it can use to help it produce or invest. The competitors  This is any business that is trying to sell products to the same customers as Peacocks. An example is Primark, and Bonmache. Peacocks does everything to make sure that it attracts customers to its self. Such activities are reducing prices, offering high discounts and providing the best quality items. They also compete on offering a different type of product. When attempting to compete Peacocks ask themselves what their competitors are offering the customers.  The government  As a stakeholder, the government is any part of the state owned administration, which controls and regulates Peacocks. It also affects Peacocks by providing incentives for it to set up in certain areas. And demanding taxes from Peacocks.  The local community  The community is the society, and the people, where the business is located and carries out its production. Trade associations  This trade to make sure that the employees are paid a salary. how much power of influence each stakeholder has Peacocks over  Customers  Consumers create demand for the products offered by Peacocks. The wants of the consumers dictate to Peacocks what to produce and at what price.  Peacocks understands its customers needs, which is important. Customers dictate the pattern of Peacocks activities, as Peacocks will only offer goods, which customers will buy. Customers are not members of Peacocks, but they are virtual to their survival. Customers buy the goods that Peacocks offers. Spending by customers generates income for Peacocks. Customers may be individuals but could also be other businesses. E.g. sole traders may buy items from Peacocks and sell them at cheaper prices in the market.  Demand  This is the amount of a product consumers are willing to purchase at any given price. Demand is concerned with what consumers are actually able to buy, rather than what they would like to buy. Customers have different relationships with Peacocks  Peacocks needs to communicate with consumers to find out what they want. Market research helps Peacocks to collect information about its potential customers.  As well as collecting information from customers, Peacocks also passes on information about the nature of products, the price charged, how products work and where they might be bought. Advertising is often used to do this. Contact between Peacocks and customers take place when goods are bought. This can vary, when goods are not available at the time the customer wants them. The employees will then take done the customers details and contact him or her when the goods arrive. The goods are ordered for the customer from another branch of the company. onsumers are more aware of the products that are available in Peacocks stores. The prices, channels of complaint and product performance. Consumers have more income than ever before, and much greater expectations of products. Peacocks takes these expectations into account when designing, and marketing products. Peacocks operates in a world consumers have increasing rights and protection. Because of increasing consumer expectations and awareness, improved consumer rights and fiercer competition in Peacocks, the vast majority of companies work hard at promoting good consumer relations. Peacocks accepts returned goods and reimburse customers without too much investigation.  Increase in demand  This is when a very large number of customers come to visit the store and buy large numbers of items each day. Raising demand can benefit Peacocks. Decrease demand  This can result in falling sales, profits and possibly enclosure of the business. Changes in demand   Money  It is reasonable to assume that the higher the incomes of consumers, the more they will be able to buy. When income in the UK as a whole increases, the demand for products in Peacocks will increase. The rise in income is unlikely to be same for everyone. Some consumers will have larger increase in income and others find that Peacocks products will only increase if the income of its customers buying its products increases.  Tastes  Some products are subject to changes in tastes and fashion. It is more usual for Peacocks to stop offering products which have gone out of fashion altogether.

Tuesdays With Morrie :: essays research papers

TUESDAYS WITH MORRIE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tuesdays with Morrie is a short narrative dealing with the last few months of an amazing man’s life, Morrie Schwartz. Mitch Ablom, the author, has written this novel documenting his experience of spending every Tuesday, during his last few months, with Morrie. It is a sad yet inspiring chronicle concerning the great relationship built between the two men, Morrie Schwartz and Mitchell Ablom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the beginning, as the novel opens, Mitch Ablom writes as if he were speaking to the reader. By using this first person point of view, Ablom is able to connect, and communicate, easily with any that picks up this book. In addition, Ablom is also able to become close and almost personal with the reader. With this type of narrative, where one is documenting an entire day spent with another, it is necessary for the author to write in this fashion in order to convey his message clearly. Ablom does not, however, write the entire novel in first person. In instances where Ablom is describing the memories of Morrie, he uses a third person point of view in which Morrie engages in a dialogue. Using the first person point of view, and toggling back and forth with a third person point of view, Ablom’s style is effective in presenting his thoughts and ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Ablom is â€Å"talking† to his reader, he also displays his thoughts. Many of these thoughts set the tone of the novel by providing an image of exactly what he is thinking. â€Å"It cracks me up. The whole time I know him, I have two overwhelming desires: to hug him and to give him a napkin. (p.31)† Without these thoughts shown to the reader, one cannot understand how much love Mitch Ablom has for his teacher, Morrie. The relationship between the two is an everlasting one that will last forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The entire narrative is in a very quick pace. Many different things contribute to this. First of all, being the obvious, the plot and story of this novel is engrossing and absorbing. Secondly, the structure and way in which the book was written contributes to its fast pace. The novel is broken up into short chapters. A novel that contains short chapters always seems to move in a quick tempo. However, although there are many chapters, there are no breaks in which the reader can get lost in. The novel is extremely fluid and continuous. Tuesdays With Morrie :: essays research papers TUESDAYS WITH MORRIE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tuesdays with Morrie is a short narrative dealing with the last few months of an amazing man’s life, Morrie Schwartz. Mitch Ablom, the author, has written this novel documenting his experience of spending every Tuesday, during his last few months, with Morrie. It is a sad yet inspiring chronicle concerning the great relationship built between the two men, Morrie Schwartz and Mitchell Ablom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the beginning, as the novel opens, Mitch Ablom writes as if he were speaking to the reader. By using this first person point of view, Ablom is able to connect, and communicate, easily with any that picks up this book. In addition, Ablom is also able to become close and almost personal with the reader. With this type of narrative, where one is documenting an entire day spent with another, it is necessary for the author to write in this fashion in order to convey his message clearly. Ablom does not, however, write the entire novel in first person. In instances where Ablom is describing the memories of Morrie, he uses a third person point of view in which Morrie engages in a dialogue. Using the first person point of view, and toggling back and forth with a third person point of view, Ablom’s style is effective in presenting his thoughts and ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Ablom is â€Å"talking† to his reader, he also displays his thoughts. Many of these thoughts set the tone of the novel by providing an image of exactly what he is thinking. â€Å"It cracks me up. The whole time I know him, I have two overwhelming desires: to hug him and to give him a napkin. (p.31)† Without these thoughts shown to the reader, one cannot understand how much love Mitch Ablom has for his teacher, Morrie. The relationship between the two is an everlasting one that will last forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The entire narrative is in a very quick pace. Many different things contribute to this. First of all, being the obvious, the plot and story of this novel is engrossing and absorbing. Secondly, the structure and way in which the book was written contributes to its fast pace. The novel is broken up into short chapters. A novel that contains short chapters always seems to move in a quick tempo. However, although there are many chapters, there are no breaks in which the reader can get lost in. The novel is extremely fluid and continuous.

Abnormal Psychology History Essay

Abnormal psychology in clinical psychology studies the nature of psychopathology, its causes, and its treatments. Of course, the definition of what constitutes ‘abnormal’ has varied across time and across cultures. Individuals also vary in what they regard as  normal  or abnormal behavior. In general, abnormal psychology can be described as an area of psychology that studies people who are consistently unable to adapt and function effectively in a variety of conditions. The four main contributing factors to how well an individual is able to adapt include their genetic makeup, physical condition, learning and reasoning, and socialization. HistoryThe history of how abnormal psychology, began with the research of the famous ancient Greek philosopher Plato in the fourth century B. C. During his time most believed that the strange behaviors and actions that psychologists study today were caused by evil spirits. Plato believed this to be false and spoke his ideas of these behaviors being caused by a â€Å"natural madness, usually caused by a disease†. Unfortunately his words had no affect on the common people of his age. During the Dark Ages, the idea of the behaviors being caused by evil spirits escalated to the idea that people were being possessed by demons. Many people were exorcised by the churches or burned at the stake for possessing these â€Å"demons†. Over approximately one hundred thousand innocent people were killed for the same reasons by the Inquisition. It wasn’t until early 19th century that the idea of evil spirits and demons was tossed aside, and the idea of these behaviors being caused by illnesses in the mind was finally embraced. Modern concepts of abnormality * Statistical abnormality  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ when a certain behaviour/characteristic is relevant to a low percentage of the population. However, this does not necessarily mean that such individuals are suffering from mental illness (for example, statistical abnormalities such as extreme wealth/attractiveness) * Psychometric abnormality  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ when a certain behaviour/characteristic differs from the population’s normal dispersion e. g. having an IQ of 35 could be classified as abnormal, as the population average is 100. However, this does not specify a particular mental illness. * Deviant behaviour  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this is not always a sign of mental illness, as it can occur without deviant behaviour, and such behaviour may occur in the absence of mental illness. * Combinations  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ including distress, dysfunction, distorted psychological processes, inappropriate responses in given situations and causing/risking harm to oneself. .[1]Approaches * Somatogenic  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ abnormality is seen as a result of biological disorders in the brain (Kraeplin, 1883). However, this approach has led to the development of radical biological treatments e. g. lobotomy. * Psychogenic  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ abnormality is caused by psychological problems. This has led to slightly bizarre treatments. Mesmer used to put his patients in a darkened room with music playing, then entered wearing a flamboyant outfit and pressed the ‘infected’ body areas with a stick. It has also led to the development of hypnosis, psychoanalysis (Freud) and carthasis as psychological treatments, as well as humanism (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow).

Life Span Perspective Essay

The definition of a person’s lifespan is from the moment that they are conceived to the moment that they pass away. The development of this life is defined through the various stages in which that person develops. When a person is looking at the perspective of this lifespan development, they are trying to understand what changes during the development and why it happens. There have been many psychologists that have looked at this and developed many different theories about development, and you can see that there are many influences that help push these theories into reality. Definition of Lifespan Development A person and their lifespan start out when they are conceived and then grow and develop for nine months in the womb. During this time that person will develop into either a male or a female. Once they are born they will continue to experience changes and different developments while they age. There are different stages in their life that will show different changes within them. The study of how we understand how humans change over a lifetime is called the study of human development, (Berger, 2008). When looking at the development of a person, you can make a pattern out of it from one person to another, but there are cases that the development does not follow a set path. The most common stages of development are birth, infancy, adolescence, adult, elderly, (old age), and death. Lifespan Perspective Lifespan perspective has three different domains in looking at the development of a person. These domains are physical, cognitive, and social domains. Physical domain is looking into the aging and growth of the physical being, (Sigelman & Rider, 2009). The cognitive domain looks into the mind and examines memory, language, perception, and problem solving. The last domain looks at the person’s personality, emotions, and relationships. This study of the human development is one that will probably never end, since there are so many factors when looking at the development of a person. Theories There have been many different theories that go into this portion of psychology. With these theories, people need to examine what are actually in these theories before trying to understand what lifespan development actually is. Piaget Piaget’s theory on development puts a lot of emphasis on the development of thought process. His cognitive theory has been in the front of this study since the 1980s and has had many different versions formed from it, (Berger, 2008). He had figured out that since children are so curious that there are age related stages to the development of the mind. Piaget put these into four different stages. The stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. The sensorimotor stage is from birth to the age of two where the child uses their motor skills and different senses to try and understand the world around them. The preoperational stage is from the ages of two and six. This is where the child tries to use language to understand everything that is around them. The concrete operational stage happens from the ages of six and eleven. This is where the child starts to understand and use different logical operations to understand the world. The last sate happens from the age of twelve through adulthood. This is where they start to think with different hypothetical concepts and reason without having emotions interfere. Freud Sigmund Freud had a similar but different look on the stages of development. Freud believed that there were three stages of development and that all of them revolved around sexual pleasure. He thought that that infancy was an oral stage, early childhood was an anal stage, and that the years around the age of going to preschool was the phallic stage, (Berger, 2008). With this theory the interpretation of an adult would be a constant struggle in the person’s unconscious from childhood on up. Nature and Nurture There have been many debates over the influence of nature and nurture in this field. When looking at this field a person can see that there is help from both influences when shaping the development of a person. Nature is where genetics is passed down from one person to the next and nature is a person’s abilities and temperaments, (Guest, 2011). Everything that is around a person can affect their development, such as friends, schools, and religion. Each of these takes most effect when the child is in early development, which is one of the most crucial times for a person and their development. Conclusion The development of a person from life to death is the scientific study of lifespan development. This perspective can be seen in three different domains and five different stages of characteristics. There were many different theories on this subject, but Piaget thought there were four stages that happened in the mind while Freud thought there were three stages that was focused on sexuality.

Quality of Life Essays

Quality of Life Essays Quality of Life Essay Quality of Life Essay In general, quality of life or also known as SOL Is Identified as a quality of an individuals daily life. This Includes his or her emotional, social and physical well beings. The factors that play a major role In the quality of life vanes based on a persons choices. This usually Includes family life, Job satisfaction, education, health and safety. A financial decision often Involves a trade-off whereby the quality of life Is decreased so that an individual can save money or the quality of life is increased when an individual spends more money. Even though there are many factors that an influence the quality of life, in this assignment however we will be focusing on four major components that we feel are most crucial and they are: health, education, income, and housing The first factor of quality of life is health. Its a logical reason whereby eating healthy foods and exercising will help maintain the physical quality of your life. However due to some economy challenges, some people cannot afford to eat healthily. Consuming fruits and vegetables are a lot healthier than consuming fast food, but they are a lot more expensive. Plus, most people with low wages cannot afford to Join a gym to exercise. By regularly vaulting doctors, It can help Individuals to be aware of their lifestyle that needs adjustments. With todays health care debate on the political hot list, the economics of health care cant be Ignored when considering the quality of life problems. Medical cares are meant for those individuals who can afford health insurance rewards or have it offered by their employers. Due to the lack of health care, it can lead to illnesses or diseases that can influence the quality of life. For example, if cancer can be detected early it can help be treated if not then t could mean death. Higher life expectancy is usually related with higher healthcare spending per individual, although many other factors such as education, lifestyles, and environmental factors can have a major affect on life expectancy. The second factor of life Is education. Education is very Important especially for young children because this Is the time when they are still young that their minds are open and teachable. Plus, Its their time of life when they view things Innocently. A well- educated and well-skilled population Is Important for a countrys economic and social ell-being. Education plays a major role in providing individuals with the knowledge, skills and experiences needed to participate efficiently in both society and economy. Having a good education significantly improves the chances or possibilities of finding a Job and earning enough money. Based on COED countries, 83% of people with university-level degrees have a job when compared with 55% for those with only a secondary school diploma. It is also said that lifetime earnings may also increase with each level of education. The third factor of quality of life is income. They say money Anton buy happiness however it is important when it comes to achieving higher living standards. Having a sufficient amount of Income for you and your family will help you live more comfortable. Higher economic wealth means improving the quality of health care, education and housing. According to Phosphor. Com, As Income decreased from $75,000, respondents reported decreasing happiness and Increasing sadness and stress. The data suggest that the pain of lifes misfortunes, including factor to quality of life is housing. Housing is one the most important property of peoples lives. It is one of the basic and essential needs for us human. Housing provides a place to sleep and rest where everyone can feel safe and have the privacy and comfort of their own personal space. It is a place where families are raised. Without proper shelter, people cannot meet their basic needs and participate in everyday society. The number of rooms in a house divided by the number of individuals living there, shows whether residents are living in crowded environments. Overcrowded housing can cause a negative impact on both physical and mental health, and can also affect relationships with others and the development of hillier. In addition, dense living conditions are usually a sign of inadequate water and sewage supply. For this assignment we chose Australia, Turkey and Brazil. We compared each country with each other based on the quality of life (health, education, income, and housing) and we ranked them accordingly (from high to low). Australia came first ranked and then Brazil and lastly Turkey. Australia Brazil Turkey Health *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 82 years *93% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 73 years 67% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 75 years *60% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water Education *74% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high- school degree * The average student in Australia scored 514 in reading literacy, math and sciences *43% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree * The average student in Brazil scored 406 in reading literacy, math and sciences *32% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree * The average student in Brazil scored 462 in reading literacy, math and sciences Income The average household is 31 197 USED a ye ar The average household is low Housing 90% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. 82% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. 67% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. Housing: In Australia, 90% of people say they are satisfied with their current housing situation, which is more than the COED average of 87%. The households on average spend 20% f their gross adjusted disposable income on keeping a roof over their satisfied with their current housing situation, which is less than the COED average of 87%. In terms of basic facilities, an estimated 93. 3% of people in Brazil live in dwellings with private access to an indoor flushing toilet, less than the COED average of 97. 9%. In Turkey, 67% of people say they are satisfied with their current housing situation, which is much less than the COED average of 87% and the lowest level amongst COED countries. Turkey, the average home contains 1. 1 rooms per person, which is less than the COED average of 1. Rooms per person and one of the lowest rates across the COED. In terms of basic facilities, 87. 3% of people in Turkey live in dwellings with private access to an indoor flushing toilet, less than the COED average of 97. 9% and the lowest rate across COED countries. Education: In Australia, 74% of adults of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is close to the COED average of 75%. Also, 84% of 25-34 year-olds have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, higher than the COED average of 82%. Australians can expect to go through 18. 8 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, more than the COED average of 17. 7 years. The average student in Australia scored 514 in reading literacy, math and sciences, which is higher than the COED average of 497. In Brazil, 43% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is much less than the COED average of 75%. Brazilian can expect to go through 16. 3 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, less than the COED average of 17. 7 years. The average student in Brazil scored 406 in reading literacy, math and sciences, which is lower than the COED average of 497. In Turkey, 32% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is much lower than the COED average of 75% and the lowest rate amongst COED countries. Turkish people can expect to go through 16. 0 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, less than the COED average of 17. 7 years and one of the lowest in the COED. The average student in Turkey scored 462 in reading literacy, math and sciences, lower than the COED average of 497. Health: Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 82 years, which is two years above the COED average of 80 years. Life expectancy for women is 84 years, compared with 80 for men, a slightly smaller difference than the average COED gender gap of six years, with a life expectancy of 83 years for women and 77 years for men. Australia also does well in terms of water quality, as 93% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, which is higher than the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO (small air pollutant particles that are small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs) is 13. 1 micrograms per cubic meter, considerably lower than the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Life expectancy at birth in Brazil stands at Just over 73 years, which is seven years below the COED average of 80 years. Life expectancy for women is 77 years, compared with 70 for men, close to the average COED gender gap of six years, with a life expectancy for women of 83 years and 77 years for men. Brazil could do better in terms of water quality, as 67% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, which is less than the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO is 18. 3 micrograms per cubic meter, below the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Life expectancy ears and one of the lowest across the COED. Life expectancy for women is 77 years, compared with 72 for men, a slightly smaller gender difference than the average COED gap of six years, with a life expectancy of 83 years for women and 77 for men. 60% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, below the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO (small air pollutant particles that are small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs) is 35. 1 micrograms per cubic meter, which is considerably higher than the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Income: In Australia, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is 31 197 USED a year, which is higher than the COED average of 23 938 USED. The average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at 38 482 SAID, lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED. In Brazil, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is lower than the COED average of 23 938 USED. Also, the average household net financial wealth is lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED In Turkey, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is lower than the COED average of 23 938 USED. Also, the average household net financial wealth per capita is lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED. As a conclusion, Australia is considered to be one of the highest ranking and ranked number one happiest country in the world. And its not hard to see why because they rank tremendously well in health, civic engagement and housing. And also by the looks of other factors such as education and income, Australia is doing pretty well. As for Brazil and Turkey most of their rankings are below than the COED average but Brazil still ranked higher than Turkey in terms of education, health and housing.

Aplastic Anemia Essays - Transplantation Medicine, Stem Cells

Aplastic Anemia Aplastic anemia is a disease of the bone marrow the organ that produces the body's blood cells. Approximately two thousand people in the U.S. are diagnosed each year with aplastic anemia. The symptoms of aplastic anemia are fatigue, bruising, infections, and weakness. Although these symptoms are much like those associated with leukemia, aplastic anemia is not a form of cancer. In patients with aplastic anemia the bone marrow stops producing, or produces too few red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Without sufficient red blood cells, oxygen cannot reach organs and tissues throughout the body. A decrease in the number of white blood cells causes the body's ability to fight infection as well as it should. Platelets are needed to help blood clot (Bone). Although the exact cause of aplastic anemia is not known, most evidence points to a combination of factors. The first factor is damaged stem cells. These are the primitive cells in the bone marrow that produce blood cells. Another factor is damage to the bone marrow environment in which blood cells develop (Aplastic). Other factors include abnormalities in the proteins that regulate blood cell production and a malfunctioning immune system that interferes with the normal blood cell production (Bone). Certain environmental factors have been associated with the development of aplastic anemia. Chemotherapy drugs such as busulfan or antibiotics such as chloraphenicol can cause temporary or prolonged aplastic anemia. Chemicals such as benzene and pesticides, infections such as viral hepatitis and mononucleosis, autoimmune disorders and ionizing radiation also have been linked to the development of aplastic anemia. Although exposure to these agents increases the risk of developing aplastic anemia, it is proven that they are not the sole cause of aplastic anemia (Aplastic). Aplastic anemia was once considered incurable. Today, more than fifty percent of patients diagnosed with aplastic anemia can be cured. For patients under the age of fifty and those over fifty that are in good health, the treatment of choice is a bone marrow transplant (National). However, more than half of the patients that are diagnosed are ineligible foe a bone marrow transplant because of age or the lack of a suitable bone marrow donor. For these patients, the preferred treatment is immunosuppressive therapy consisting of injections of antithymocyte globulin (ATG), with or without oral closporine. ATG therapy boosts the production of red blood cells, blood cells, and platelets in thirty to fifty percent of patients. In some cases, blood cell production returns to normal, while in others it returns to a level that allows the patient to have a normal lifestyle (Aplastic). Approximately ten to fifteen percent of patients who initially respond to ATG therapy have the disease relapse during the first twelve months following treatment. Another round of ATG therapy may be administered in an effort to bring blood cell production back to an acceptable level. Some patients who respond to ATG therapy eventually develop another bone marrow disorder such as myelogenous syndrome or acute nonmyelogenous leukemia. These disorders may be temporarily treatable, but are seldom curable. Overall, between thirty and forty percent of patients treated with ATG therapy become long term survivors and the majority of these long term survivors appear to be cured (Aplastic). Patients who have a relative with matching bone marrow have a seventy to ninety percent chance of being cured following a bone marrow transplant. Patients transplanted with marrow from a related donor whose marrow type nearly matches the patient's have a fifty percent chance of being cured. If marrow from a matched unrelated donor is used, the likelihood of a cure is twenty to thirty percent (Bone). Physicians determine whether a donor's marrow type matches the patient's by examining genetic markers on the surface of white blood cells called HLA antigens. These are the antigens that help the body identify invading organisms, and trigger an immune system attack on any substances that do not belong in that particular person's body, such as viruses and bacteria (Severe). If the patient's and donor's HLA antigens do not match, the patient's body will perceive the donor's bone marrow as foreign material to be destroyed. This condition is called graft rejection and results in a failed bone marrow transplant.

How Roche Diagnostics Develops Global Managers Research Paper

How Roche Diagnostics Develops Global Managers - Research Paper Example Roche develops global managers through global rotation program called Perspectives program. Employees with MBAs or PhD degree can participate in this international career program that consists of four assignments each lasting six months. Each assignment is taken in a different country, or laboratory and 95 percent of all participants have completed the program successfully. How Roche diagnostics develops global managers Who is responsible for developing global leaders The organization has the responsibility of developing global leaders. The management and the human resource department should initiate strategies and career development programs in order to develop global leaders (Smilansky, 2006). The global marketplace requires employees with multiple skills like communication capability and ability to understand the global business culture. Global organizations operate in multiple locations and usually provide goods and services that are suitable for the particular national market an d which consider the culture of the country (Smilansky, 2006). The parent country and host country should cooperate by allowing work permit for global managers in order to create a pool of talented global leaders. Global organizations require marketing strategies that consider flexibility due to the differences in market needs and culture of the people. Additionally, business schools have a role to play in highlighting the global economy and cultures of different locations in the world. Advanced business degrees should focus on real business experiences of multiple international business locations (Smilansky, 2006). Ramifications of not having global leaders In my profession field, there are various ramifications of not having global leaders in the marketing field. Global leaders influence the marketing and global brand management strategies selected by the organization due to cultural issues in different locations. There will be limited opportunities for professional growth and car eer advancement and organizations will experience high labor turnover and inability to attract and retain multi-skilled employees (Smilansky, 2006). Without global leaders, the language selected in advertisements and promotional materials will not fit the culture of the location since some countries like Japanese prefer a high-context language and direct messages, unlike low-context cultures (Smilansky, 2006). Without global leaders, an organization will not understand the values and attitudes of consumers in a particular location. The organization will also fail in new product design and packaging since aesthetics such as taste, smell and size influence the attitudes of the consumers towards a product depending on their culture (McCall & Hollenbeck, 2002). Such organizations will lose market share and ultimately decline the productivity of the product in particular locations. Without the global leaders, the organization will not understand the unique needs and preferences of consum ers and the needs of the workforce thus leading to decline in market share (McCall & Hollenbeck, 2002). US public policy changes that can encourage companies to develop global leaders Roche’s Perspectives program invests many resources in the development of global leaders, but there are public policy changes which can be made in the U.S to encourage compani

Managing Conflict & the Negotiation Process Essay

Managing Conflict & the Negotiation Process - Essay Example In managing conflict, it is important to determine who are involved, what they think, andthe context or the environment of the conflict. One would best map out the conflict to determine its scope and all basic information so that one can match an effective response to it. Part of this is determining the options available and the costs and benefits accruing from them. Often, a great deal can be learned from similar experiences of the past which can also yield ideas about what things are likely to happen. Efforts must be made to look into who would be affected by the conflict especially those that are silent and have not yet become vocal. Disputes often times have histories which may explain the feelings of others on the issue. When people speak, they may be able to give hints on how the current situation can be resolved. At times, disputes may be related to others disputes and this deserves some attention as they may affect the outcome of the earlier conflict. As supposed survivors, we were faced with a common enemy [the possibility of not being able to survive] and so we were one. What each one of us were, was quickly forgotten as we had to be united to get us out of the problem. We had to work as a team and explore an uncharted territory. As time went on, thoughts were turned to our individual selves as dwindling supplies and security from the unknown stared us in the face. We had to think of strategies, yet have our personal needs met. In trying to communicate with each other, there was the trend wherein some members preferred to direct communication first to one's buddy in the group, then eventually to the emergent leader. In the process, the quiet one seemed not to be included with the team. Communication was bridged only with the emergent leader shifting back and forth between the non-talking parties. I can see that one needs to be alert, to be on top of their game, and agile enough to respond quickly and effectively to changes. Exercises like this can be very helpful for the mind. Where before, I had only myself to dictate how I moved, here, I was forced to act from a perspective wider and bigger than myself. It seemed that I had taken on a personality bigger than that of my old self. (2) Describe how the events that happened relate to our studies. I am amazed to see that the mix of different personalities and levels are counted critical to the success of the activity. First, we do not have the same experiences and the same capacity for understanding concepts involved in the exercise. Second, we didn't know each other that close until after the exercises. Third, we were forced to think quickly. A common problem bound us all: the need to survive. The mind maps had encouraged equal participation from each one of us. The game actually begins when we, as strangers, are left in a rough terrain. There is no opportunity for planning before the game begins. We scramble to gather whatever supplies we can grab. We trek across rugged terrain in search of a campsite. Exhausted, hungry and in the middle of no where, we work

CHESAPEAKE BAY STORM SURGE, SEICHES, AND FLOODING Research Paper

CHESAPEAKE BAY STORM SURGE, SEICHES, AND FLOODING - Research Paper Example s and light wind shear, the resilient southeasterly winds in the right-front quadrant of the storm forced water in Chesapeake Bay to move northward as a single layer, which eventually formed flooding and high sea levels in the northern region of the bay including Annapolis and Baltimore (Ming et al., 2006). Apparently, the hurricane traveled from northwest on an almost conventional line that had mysteriously emerged 3 days prior to the landfall and persisted to the eventual dissipation of the hurricane over the Great Lakes (Ming et al., 2006). After hurricane Isabel passed the west land side of Chesapeake Bay, the prevailing wind direction changed from northeasterly to southeasterly, and the land along the coast was inundated causing severe erosion in the bay (Gao & College of William and Mary, 2011). In the bay, the utmost sustained wind reached 30.8 miles/second in Virginia with squalls that were as high as 43.7 miles/second, water levels reaching 5 feet over the average tidal echelons in Annapolis Maryland, a substantial increase in turbidity and salinity levels in the bay to approximately 10-4 psu/m (Ming et al., 2006). If Hurricane Isabel had approached the bay from the east side, the direction of the wind would have changed from northeasterly to northwesterly, thus causing melodr amatic differences in the bay’s barotropic response. In Washington, D.C., the largest surge reaching 2.7m over the ordinary high tides was created as a result of the arrangement of the long fetch of the lower Potomac River and southeasterly winds. The figure below portrays the storm surges and sea level distribution in Potomac River on 19th September, 2006 around 0400 hrs. At the same time, sea echelons in the arctic bay were rising speedily. From the figure, it is ostensible that the water was blown into the bay by Isabel’s strong southeast-to-southerly winds. Moreover, moving at a speed of 1.5 ms-1, this water was dripped against the head of the bay. However, the high sea

Lavasa A Case Study Synopsis Environmental Sciences Essay

Lavasa A Case Study Synopsis Environmental Sciences Essay Lavasa is an independent Indias first planned hill city. The under-construction town is just an hours drive from Pune in the Mose Valley and the backwaters of the calm Warasgaon dam area. This as-yet incomplete city has been controversial for multiple reasons including: procurement of land, harm to the environment (water usage), and loans acquired through political corruption. Till November 25 2010, the construction work at Lavasa was in full swing when the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) issued a stop-work order and notice to Lavasa Corporation Limited (LCL).The reason given was that the company had failed to obtain environmental clearance from the Union ministry and had proceeded on the basis of a clearance from Maharashtras environment department. The ministrys Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC), constituted in response to the public interest petition moved by the National Alliance of Peoples Movements (NAPM), formed by activists and NGOs, in the high court of Mumba i for new infrastructure projects and Coastal Regulation Zone, said that planning and development of the whole project should be reworked as it violated environment laws, including haphazard cutting of hills. Lavasa challenged the ministrys order in the high court, saying it had taken the requisite clearances from the state and the ministry had no jurisdiction over the project.LCL later applied for post facto clearance from MoEF for the first phase of the project, on February 1; Lavasa is being developed in two phases of 2,000 ha and 3,000 ha. Lavasa: About the project Lavasa Corporation Limited (LCL) is developing a hill station township project located 65 km from Pune in the Mose Valley and the backwaters of the calm Warasgaon dam area, set amidst 7 hills and 60 kms of lakefront. It is touted as independent Indias first planned hill city and is one of the largest Infrastructure Projects in the country. A total of 10,000 hectares (= 25,000 acres) land will be used for the project which includes mostly the farm land and private forests or forest like land. The development plan is spread over 20 years and would complete by 2025. It involves dynamic planning in phases. Phase I: Dasve, Mugaon, Bhoni To establish Lavasa Brand .Development will be mostly mixed use with focus on front-loaded economic drivers Phase II: Focus on meeting residential demand driven through development of economic activities and scaling up of tourism, hospitality, and leisure activities Phase III: Sakhari, Wadaval In addition to residential development, focus on developing a commercial business district Phase IV: Bhode, Mose, Saiv Development of the second commercial business district. Statutory Authorities and their responsibilities There are majorly five agencies that are responsible for framing regulatory framework for environment and pollution control. These agencies have different roles to play as far as framing of policies and their application is concerned. This can be easily differentiated in a tabular form: Ministry of Environment Forests (MOEF), Govt. of India Formulate Strategies Policies Formulate rules acts and seek approval from Parliament Interact with Internation agencies Issue Environmental Clearance Permits Implement Nationa Schemes Monitor the process through Regional Offices Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Govt. of India Prepare Technical guidelines Provide technical backup to MOEF Provide laboratory facility, monitor RD Legal Proceedings Implement registration and other schemes Monitor through Zonal Offices Department of Environment (DOEN), State Govt. Formulate policies strategies formulate rules, acts seeks approval from Legislative Assembly Council Co-ordinate with MOEF CPCB Issue Environmental clearance permits State Pollution Control Board (SPCB), State Govt. Consent management of Industries Legal proceedings Projects Planning Monitring aspects Dayal Committee: A 10-member committee, constituted by the ministry of environment and forests (MoEF) to assess the environment impact of Lavasa project. Environmental concerns violated in Lavasa project An analysis The Lavasa has always been a contentious issue and a controversial project. For years, it has been blamed for the serious environmental damages including flora and fauna and has been criticized by the Ministry of Environment and Forests for quarrying and hill cutting. However, Post reviewing the project, this ministry provided clearance on 9 November 2011 to Lavasa with specific conditions, such as a cessation of hill cutting activities, building of a sewage treatment plant, and anti-poverty CSR measures aimed at the local population. For a one year period from late 2010 to late 2011, construction of Lavasa had to be halted due to orders obtained from the Ministry of Environment and Forests. In late 2010 it ordered Lavasa Corporation to halt further construction for not having gathered proper clearances. Ministry of Environment and Forests found Lavasa to be violating the rules and regulations under the Environment protection act 1986. According to MOEF, LCL (Lavasa Corporation Ltd) is in violation of The EIA Notification, 1994; The EIA Notification, as amended in 2004; and The EIA Notification of 2006. The site visit report has also brought out the nature and magnitude of the environmental damage caused by the project. As such, the construction activity is unauthorized, being in violation of the above three notifications and is also environmentally damaging. Concept: EIA is a tool to assess positive and negative impacts of a project on surrounding area, population, vegetation, flora, fauna, property and overall environment. Components Air Pollution (From Process and Fuel burning) Water Pollution (Industrial process, Effluents and sewage, Treatment and reuse) Land Pollution (Chemical pollution, Waste substances, solid waste, treatment disposal) Noise Pollution Ecology, Flora, Fauna, Fisheries, endangered species Natural Resources (Air, Water, Land, Rivers, Streams, Ponds Lakes, Hills, Forest,) Ecoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sensitive zone, Sanctuaries, Migration routes. Archeological sites, Roads, Military Establishments, Schools, Hospitals, Other social centers Socioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Economy, Rehabilitation, Resettlement, Compensations Disaster Management, Risk Assessment Major Socio-Environmental Concerns Ecology Lavasa is in the province of WESTERN GHATS of INDIA which is among Worlds 20 most ecologically sensitive HOT SPOTS. Also, the UNESCO is considering declaring Western Ghats region as the World Heritage Site according to media reports. Western Ghat is a crucial factor for Monsoon of India and other meteorologically important parameters The committee has recorded that Lavasa has caused massive destruction of the ecology of the area, especially causing grave damages to hills, flora-fauna, water body, etc Land Land belong to Adivasi (Tribal) Land which cant be sold or bought without the permission of the District administration to a Non Tribal entity, in fact that Mulshi and Velhe talukas, where Lavasa is based, is not designated as a tribal district. In 1976, the Govt. of Maharashtra implemented land reforms in the area. A case filed at police by one tribe Bandya Bhau Valhekar is pending at Mulshi The project is spread over 18 villages consisting of various Gaothans (villages). There are some adivasi communities in the affected area and that there has been a large scale diversion of ceiling surplus land which was allotted to these Adivasis and Nomadic Tribes. Also Ceiling land belongs to the landless poor people as per Ceiling Act. (THE URBAN LAND (CEILING AND REGULATION) , ACT, 1976, No. 33 OF 1976) Land has been either by cheating or using muscule power, A poor farmer Dnyaneshwar Shedge has filed a complaint against Lavasa in one such matter The 80 odd Katkari families of tribal stock in this area belong to Raigadh District; 47 of them are living in Mugaon village. They used to come for seasonal agricultural labor to assist local farmers with rice cultivation before the paddy fields were lost to the Warasgaon dam. But when the lands were submerged, the displaced farmers began to cut trees for making charcoal. Many of those that Lavasa purchased land from are not local farmers but people who were living in Pune, Mumbai, Dubai or even London. A good chunk of land was originally bought by a real estate firm called Expat Limited before Lavasa Corporation came into existence. Even today some of the investors of Expat have not sold their lands to Lavasa. Due to isolation, people had to walk 5-6 hr over hilly terrain to reach the nearest city in order to sell forest products like bamboo and charcoal. Consequently, this district became very sparsely populated with a total population of 3117 as per the 2001 census. Water resources Effects on downstream users- Pune and further users, Pollution. The back water of the dams were filled with stone crushing material and also that the villagers expressed that the project has adversely impacted their life and they are not willing to part with their land for any of the project activities. The Varasgaon Dam is an important dam for water supply to Pune city. The Water Recourses Department of Government has sanctioned a quota of 1.03 TMC water to Lavasa, which was supposed to be the 1 month utility of water by Pune city. Due to this reservoir very nearly dries up in the hot summer months leading up to the monsoon. There are claims that water from Varasgaon is diverted to Lavasa and will result in problems in water supply to Pune city. Township Objection to the cutting of hills for making roads, on the other hand it says that the roads were not wide enough for the expected traffic A world Class huge convention centre does not go with the concept of a hill station with only 9 meters access road, without adequate parking provisions. Quite a few residential buildings are without adequate open spaces, set back distances, parking spaces etc Height of buildings was increased from G+2 to G+5, which was illegal in the original hill station policy. Social Unrest Land being acquired by hook or crook. Inadequate compensation. State machinery used to coerce farmers. No proper plans to rehabilitate the farmers affected. Lavasa has been granted permissions in quick time by bending / breaking the law. Land leased for 30 yrs by govt. which in fact will never be returned and is as good as sold. Environment and Environmental Laws It was mandatory for Lavasa to seek PRIOR Environmental Clearance from the appropriate authorities under EIA Notifications 1994, 2004 and 2006. However none of them was obtained from the appropriate authorities. NAPM pointed out this to Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) Govt of India which in turn issued a STOP WORK notice to Lavasa on 25th November 2010. Lavasa moved to High Court against MOEF order, however; the High Court rejected Lavasas request to allow continuation of construction work. The works at project site came to halt. MoEF constituted Dayal Committee and further Ravindran Committee which recommended that Lavasa should be asked to pay 5% of the project cost as the Environment Protection Fund in lieu of the environmental damages caused by it. Dayal Committee Report and its outcome The Dayal committee visited the site from 5th-7th January, 2011 and inspected every Construction, every site of the project, assessed the environmental state and accordingly submitted the report to the MoEF which included a list of damages that the LCL has caused to the environment conditions .However the chairman of the committee is being criticized for pointing out very Minor issue and damages to the environment. After three days of on-the-spot assessment, the 11-member team of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) declared that the Lavasa project had caused no destruction of forests. The statement given by the chairman Mr. Dayal of the committee was Prima facie, forest destruction does not seem to have happened in case of Lavasa. The committee also reported that no reduction in water supply to Pune city was found to have occurred as a result of the project. The Dayal committee apparently gave a clean-chit to Lavasa mainly on two issues: Impact on forests and environment Impact on the water supply to Pune city Differing Issues: MOEF Lavasa Corporation Limited LCL (Lavasa Corporation Ltd) is in violation of (i) the EIA Notification, 1994; (ii) the EIA Notification, as amended in 2004; and (iii) the EIA Notification of 2006. The site visit report has also brought out the nature and magnitude of the environmental damage caused by the project. As such, the construction activity is unauthorised, being in violation of the above three notifications and is also environmentally damaging. The MoEF order is more on jurisdiction than on environment issues. However, having regard to the above but taking into account all the facts and circumstances of the case, particularly the submissions made with regard to the investments already incurred, third-party rights which are accrued, the various steps taken for establishment of a comprehensive hill station development, the employment generated and the claimed upliftment of the area under consideration, MoEF (Ministry of Environement and Forests) is prepared to consider the project on merits with the imposition of various terms and conditions, including the following: The payment of substantial penalty for the violation of environmental laws, which is incontrovertible; Over and above the penalty, creation of an Environmental Restoration Fund (ERF) by LCL with sufficiently large corpus which would be managed by an independent body with various stakeholders under the overall supervision of MoEF; Imposition of stringent terms and conditions, to ensure that no further environmental degradation takes place and that any degradation that has already occurred would be rectified within a time-bound schedule. MoEF does not have objective and measurable norms. Therefore, instead of restricting themselves to environmental issues, it has resorted to questioning state government jurisdiction, Special Planning Authority, MKVDC land transfer, land purchase, Lavasa master plan approval by collector, Hill Station policy, regional development plan, MRTP Act, etc. These haves nothing to do with environmental issues. Naresh Dayal, chairman of the technical committee, after completing his site visit made a statement to the media in Pune that there was no major environmental degradation and yet the report seems to magnify minor environmental issues to justify continuance of the stop work order. There were more than 1,000 villagers supporting Lavasa, whereas those supporting Medha Patkar were a mere dozen. Yet the committee gives more space to highlighting issues of Patkars supporters. Any road under construction in hilly regions requires cutting which looks harsh and bare initially. Reference photographs included in the report only show such roads in the early stages of construction and which were only about 5 km in length. It has conveniently kept out the photographs of over 100 km of roads that have been completed with enhanced green cover. Conclusion: With all the above observations carried out by the government constituted committee, post-facto green signal to Phase-I of Lavasa by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) given on the November 9th , 2011 was widely condemned by many intellectual groups and was declared as a  blot on the democratic process. It also created a shockingly dangerous precedent in the history of environmental action in India. MoEFs improper action has in fact sent shock-waves to eco-activists within the country and also across the world. Although it is not the first time in the long history of Indian Environmental clearance regime that political highhandedness has been used to subvert rule of law and the ends of justice, this case is unique since the  clearance has disregarded well established evidence based on facts collected by no other than the MoEF itself. It is surprising that the Ministrys decision has come in the wake of the case filed by the Maharashtra government against 15 perso ns including promoters of Lavasa Corporation for alleged violations of the Environment Protection Act (EPA), while the Maharashtra Chief Minister on the other hand has recommended that Lavasa be considered for environmental clearance, exposed the  double standards of the state government.